Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Airline Revenue Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Airline Revenue Management - Essay Example The company blames the strike action of cabin crew and planned winter capacity reduction as a major cause of decline in revenues, capacity and traffic.1 The reported loss of British Airways in 2010 was  £531 million as compared to  £401 million loss in 2009 (Table I).2 On the other hand, according to information taken from official website of Ryanair, the low cost airline Ryanair reports increase in its passengers’ traffic by 14% (from 58.6m on March 31, 2009 to 66.5m on March 31, 2010), increase in revenues by 2% (from â‚ ¬2,942m in 2009 to â‚ ¬2,988m in 2010) and increase in Earnings per Share by 204% (from 7.10 in 2009 to 21.59 in 2010). Furthermore, the company started its services on 284 new routes and now it is providing services on 940 total routes.3 Moreover, the number of passengers of Ryanair is also increasing rapidly for example, in June 2009; the number of travellers served by the company was 5,836,355 as compared to 6,713,559 travellers served in 2010 (Table II).4 The price structure of Ryanair is very simple and company only charges ticket price and for using other facilities customers have to pay extra charges. On the other hand, British Airways includes everything such as food, toilet etc in the ticket prices which enhances the cost of ticket. Since the competition among airlines is increasing, therefore, airlines are coming up with distinct strategies for example, Ryanair is seeking to reduce its costs and lower its profit margin to offer lowest possible prices to customers. On the other hand, British Airways has kept her prices high because of the slowing down of global travelling demand, increasing fuel costs, high insurance costs and increasing airport taxes (Ivythesis, 2009). Being a legacy carrier, British Airways is only serving the primary and major airports whereas, being a low cost carrier, Ryanair is serving secondary airports. Ryanair has been given the award of lowest cost airline by Budgies
Monday, October 28, 2019
Multiculturalism in Counseling Essay Example for Free
Multiculturalism in Counseling Essay ABSTRACT Stemming from the uprising in the 1960s, multiculturalism has presented serious challenges to the society, especially to the academic sector. Criticized by social groups, schools were inclined to adopt programs in recognition of the multicultural population, and later structured their systems to cater to the needs of the growing population. Today, multiculturalism has become an important consideration in designing school programs, facilities, and hiring policies. Particularly, school counseling was one area that went through a notable change. The introduction of this paper gives a brief historical background of multiculturalism in school counseling. It discusses how multiculturalism was incorporated into the school curriculum, and was adopted in school counseling. The main part of this paper discusses the competencies every school counselor must possess to address the needs of multicultural students. Anchoring on the three core competencies set by the AMCD, this paper presents ways on how one can be knowledgeable of clients’ worldviews in order to serve them best. In addition, it suggests other devices or strategies counselors may consider when dealing with multicultural students.            The conclusion of the paper summarizes the ideal characteristics of a counselor, and presents further considerations school administrators and counselors can make to ensure effective counseling strategies which adhere to the demands of multiculturalism. Introduction Multiculturalism as Rosado (1997) defines, is a system of values and behaviors which recognizes and respects the presence of all diverse groups in societyâ€â€their identities, values and socio-cultural differences. In addition, multiculturalism supports continued contribution of the culture in the society. Based on this definition, we can view multiculturalism as the harmonious coexistence of different cultures in the society. In the author’s view, culture is not limited to bases of origin. Culture may arise from similar beliefs, attitudes, or feelings of a certain group of people. Thus, it also encompasses those who have the same subcultures based on values, economic status, socio-political status, or gender. Particularly, those who have the same subculture based on gender include women, gays, lesbians and transgender individuals. In the same manner, people belonging to the same economic status or religion share a similar subculture that establishes their diversity from others. In this study, we refer to multicultural people as those who embody a different set of cultures and subcultures, other than the native culture or the majority. As such, we may define multiculturalism as an approach that recognizes diversity in culture among different ethnic, gender, economic, socio-political, and religious backgrounds. Multiculturalism has also become a prevalent topic in school counseling. It has prompted psychologists and educators around the world to review school practices that hamper culturally diverse students from performing well in school. Now that the growing population of multiculturally diverse students seems to be taking over the White population, the challenges that go with implementing multiculturalism in counseling would probably be more relevant in the next decades.                                                Multiculturalism in Counseling In the field of education, authors claim that multiculturalism rooted out from the social action of African Americans and other â€Å"people of color†back in the 1960s (Banks, Davidson Davidson, as cited in Gorski, 1999). The common feeling that schools had the most hostile and oppressive treatment of other cultures aroused them to protest and fight for reforms. In those days, African Americans and other cultures suffered from racism and discrimination from the White population who occupied professorship or management statuses. Colored people were treated as second class citizens, if not as outcasts. However, through the efforts of African American activists, schools were compelled to review their policies and hiring process in consideration of the non-Whites. In the 1970s, other groups such as the elderly, gays, lesbians, and people with disabilities also contested that institutions should pay equal respect to all peoples on matters of employment, educational opportunities, and work pay. Following this, a number of programs and policies emerged, including additional courses on prominent women or famous people of color. Despite this effort, social activists were not satisfied, for schools only celebrated women of greatness, and not women in general. For instance, James Banks (1981;1989), one of the pioneers of multicultural education argued that to adhere to the idea of â€Å"multicultural environment,†all aspects of the school had to be reviewed. According to him, policies, teacher’s attitude, assessment programs, and counseling should be transformed accordingly. This concept of multicultural education coincided with the idea of social equality among diverse cultures. By 1980s, following the path of Banks, K-12 teachers, namely, Carl Grant, Christine Sleeter, Geneva Gay, and Sonia Nieto exposed and criticized oppressive teaching approaches, standardized tests, classroom climate, and discriminatory hiring practices. Relevantly, this created in every academic professional the challenge to recognize diversity or as later coined, multiculturalism, and make it their mission to â€Å"manage†and â€Å"live diversity†(Rosado, 1997 ). Being multicultural does not only mean having a student population composed of various cultures, though this is often the contention of many schools. Rosado points out that for a school to claim they are multicultural, they must at least adhere to four standards. These include reflecting heterogeneity, demonstrating sensitivity, realigning the school’s mission, and creating an ambiance that empowers all groups in the school. With clear and careful intention, Rosado argues that schools should adopt change geared towards multiculturalism on individual as well as institutional levels. On the one hand, by saying individual level, we mean that schools should aim at urging administration, teachers and students to transcend beyond their own racial, gender, cultural and socio-political identity to recognize other identities. On the other hand, as Rosado contends, institutional level means focusing on empowering diversity. This goes beyond merely admitting people of color, but also taking into consideration in the school’s mission, vision, values, and structure how it can empower each individual. Although motivated by good intention, empowering people of diversity, as pointed out by Rosado may sometimes lead to a utilitarian view of giving a person his needs in exchange of what he can offer his society. We say that this is very utilitarian in that it sees the individual as a utility, more than an entity with values, attitudes, and affection. In contrast, we should be inclined to think that it is the school’s responsibility to provide the different needs of individuals in recognition of their diversity and nothing else. No conditions should apply as to whether the society can profit from his acts or not. Relevantly, whether the person is worthy of rewards of multiculturalism should not be an issue. Four intentions have motivated the adoption of multiculturalism in education. These include the â€Å"need to remedy ethnocentrism, rebuild understanding and appreciation of different cultures, defuse tension and conflicts among ethnic groups, and make the school curricula relevant to experiences and traditions†(Webb, 1990). In the next part, we will discuss how well these motivations relate to school counseling.            Many research works confirm the positive effects of multicultural education on students. For example, Hale (1986) shows that children in a preschool program achieved higher cognitive levels upon integrating African American culture in the curriculum.            In the same way, Zaslavsky (1988) demonstrates how elements of other cultures can help in teaching complex math concepts to students of an inner-city school. Fulton-Scott (1983) confirms benefits of integrating multicultural education in elementary programs for Hispanic students. The study reveals that students’ scores in Math, Reading, and Language were significantly superior over those of students enrolled in programs without multicultural integration.            Benefits of multiculturalism are likewise recognized in the field of Psychology, particularly in school counseling. However, research in this area has focused more on counselors’ multicultural competence rather than on the effect of counseling founded on multiculturalism.            In 1991, the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) identified the need and rationale for multicultural counseling. This led to the approval of 31 multicultural counseling competencies as proposed by Sue et al. (1992) in 1991. Following this, in 2002, the APA Council of Representatives approved the Guidelines on Multicultural Education, Training, Research, Practice and Organization Change, which was, in fact, based on the work of Sue et al.            The need to adopt multiculturalism in counseling, especially in schools, is truly urgent and necessary for ethical reasons. In relation to this, AMCD identifies three characteristics counselors must possess. First is counselor awareness of own assumptions, values, and biases. Second is understanding the worldview of the culturally different client; and third, developing appropriate intervention strategies and techniques            Primarily, culturally skilled counselors can be identified as those who have awareness of other people’s culture other than their own. They are aware of how their cultural background, experience, attitude, biases, and values influence the counseling process of a client. Moreover, these counselors recognize their limits when it comes to tolerating other values, behaviors, or norms. To add, culturally skilled counselors are also comfortable with differences between them and the clients in terms of race, gender identity, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs. To illustrate, the first measure of competency requires a counselor to mirror whether his own values and beliefs would personally or professionally affect the process of counseling. For example, a Christian counselor may have biases towards a Muslim student, for they have truly different belief systems. In this situation, if the counselor has no knowledge of ethical limitations, he might insist that his beliefs are better or are morally upright, and those of the student’s are the opposite. However, such case may be prevented if the counselor is fully aware of conflicting values he has with the student. In our own view, a school counselor should be open to all values of every student. This is different from the counselor in the private sector. In school counseling, the counselor who cannot accept views of some students is not fit for school counseling. A school counselor should have readiness to counsel every student, and there should be no instance when he would not accept a student for counseling.            To ensure that the counselor meets the first requirement mentioned above, he should reflect on his values and find out if he has beliefs against any culture, including students with different gender identities, cultural or religious practices, and other moral practices that their culture has taught them. For instance, taking into consideration the case of students with gender identity problem, the counselor must be careful not to insist that the student sticks to his biological gender. Rather, he should exercise care in handling this case. After all, the whole life of the student may depend on the decision he makes at the time of counseling. Culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge and understanding about how gender stereotyping affects them personally and professionally. Considering the sensitivity of the issue of gender identity disorder, the school counselor must be careful not to affect the decision and values of the individual, for he is going to suffer later on should he take the wrong decision.            Moreover, as Sue et al. contend, culturally skilled counselors possess knowledge about their social impact on others. These include one’s awareness of own communication style, and how this style may hinder or facilitate the counseling process. Recognizing limits of their competencies, school counselors may confer with their colleagues how to overcome these weaknesses. Aside from this, they should seek further training or education on other cultures as a way to do away with biases. The process of balancing one’s view of other cultures may take a lifetime as new concepts may arise everyday. For example, the term transgender individuality appeared only in our modern times, but the concept of transforming from one gender to another has been known as early as the time of Sophocles or even earlier. In this regard, counselors should not grow tired of finding ways for self-actualization. Also, on the second characteristic, it is the responsibility of the culturally skilled counselor to gather resources to learn about the identity of other cultures. In the case of homosexuality among students, the counselor should know the different sides of the coin in being a homosexual. In particular, counselors who deal with this issue should have a good understanding of the process of being a homosexual (Adams, Boatwright, Gilbert, Forrest Ketzenberger, Cass, Chung Katayama, Croghan, Driscoll, Kelley Fassinger, Dunkle, and Pope, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). With this knowledge, he must let the student decide on his own whether to retain his gender identity or move to the phase of ‘coming out†. Coming out or in other words, admitting to the society that one belongs to a specific gender type is in itself a dilemma among teenagers with identity confusion. The specific role of the counselor in this situation is to help the youth consider advantages and disadvantages of coming out (Adams, Belz, Brown, Croteau Hedstrom, Elliott, Hetherington, Morgan Brown, Morrow, Pope, Rodriguez Chang, Pope Schecter, Savin-Williams, as cited in Sanabria, 2004). Additionally, the counselor should guide the student in the stage of coming-out by training him/her how to deal with people’s inquiry about his identity. For example, the counselor could give real-life scenarios, and ask the student to react on them in order to ensure that he would be prepared for particular instances when he would experience doubt. If the counselor feels affirmative or senses tolerance toward gays and lesbians but lacks the knowledge to handle cases of these individuals, he could improve his familiarity with them through a lot of ways. One source of invaluable information is reading literatures regarding gay/lesbian culture. At present, explorations on gender-specific cases are improving in terms of number and depth. These readings can guide a counselor to discover gay/lesbian cultural identity. Likewise, attending conferences or symposia, gathering insights from past clients and friends who belong to the same gender type will also contribute a lot (Sanabria, 2004). Also, as Sanabria expresses, if the counselor feels that he is not qualified to handle the case, it is only ethical to refer the student to someone who could offer him the right counseling. Furthermore, counselors who cannot be affirmative of gay and lesbian culture are probably misinformed and should look into themselves again if they are fit for being a school counselor. The issue regarding sexual minorities is only one of the issues a school counselor must be able to handle. If the counselor cannot help sexual minorities, he should reconsider if he should continue practicing in the academic setting. Suffice to mention, the National Career Development Association, American Counseling Association, and American Psychological Association have well-defined ethical codes that offer guidance for individuals who work with sexual orientation issues. Included in these ethical codes is the knowledge about students’ behavioral identity. Importantly, culturally skilled counselors should be aware of life experiences, cultural heritage, and historical background of their multicultural students. For instance, an Asian American student has different historical and cultural background from a Latino counterpart, or an African American. When counseling an Asian American, for example, a Chinese girl who cannot relate well with her classmates, a counselor must be informed of the conservative values Chinese families have. Actually, the attitude of keeping one’s silence may be in conformity with Confucian values. In this regard, the counselor cannot expect the girl to be as outgoing as he r classmates are, for the behavior she presents embodies a cultural heritage among the Chinese. Furthermore, culturally skilled counselors understand the consequences arising from one’s exercise of cultural traditions and rites. In some parts of Asia, for instance, there is still the custom of prearranged marriage. Thus, a counselor who encounters a high school student in this situation should suspend judgment of the custom, but rather honor it, and perhaps counsel the child to make her own choice, after laying down the consequences of abiding by the culture. In considering choices, the counselor may enumerate possible circumstances the child would face if she relents to her parents’ decision, or vice versa. Under no circumstances should the counselor dictate to the child what she should do as this may result in confusion or family conflict. Likewise, the counselor may also opt to explain the issue to the parents, but before doing so, the counselor must take precautions so as not to offend them. At all times, respect should form part of every counseling situation. Aside from obtaining a rich background of their students, a competent counselor, according to Sue et al. should also be kept updated with the latest trends and occurrences that concern his clients. In the case of a school counselor, it would be of great help if he engages in research and other activities to keep him updated with the students’ lingo, hobbies, behavioral patterns, etc. They should actively seek out opportunitiesâ€â€personal and professional experiences that enrich their knowledge, understanding, and cross-cultural skills. Moreover, as some schools implement nowadays, counselors can engage in outside school activities such as outreach programs, educational trips, camps, and other activities which would help gain a more vivid profile of the counselees. They should also be actively involved with minority individuals outside the school setting. Community events, celebrations, and other gatherings may help provide a wider perspective of minorities which relate with the academic scenario. Considering the dynamic role that the school counselor plays in society, the responsibility of ensuring that they possess the relevant qualities expected of a counselor should be borne by colleges offering the course or training. Based on the literature gathered, schools have positively become fully concerned about the issue of multiculturalism. Many schools and universities nowadays adhere to the demands of the culturally diverse society. However, the way to attaining competency of some school counselors may still be too far. In one study Holcom-McCo y (2000) conducted, the author identified five underlying factors influencing school counselors’ perception of themselves as competent professionals. These factors included understanding of racial identity development, ability to comprehend multicultural terminology, multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. Among which, counselors perceived lack of knowledge of racial identity development as the problem that hindered them from being fully competent in multiculturalism. To address this problem, Schwallie-Giddis et al. (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) suggest that future school counselors should undergo multicultural training on racial identity development, and multicultural knowledge development. In a study conducted, school counselors assessed the effectiveness of a nine-month multicultural professional development program. The study involved 13 school counselors in a multicultural professional development program held from school year 2001-2002. Applying three dimensions of multicultural competencies, the participants assessed their own competencies. Resources included a videotape of a case study to which participants reacted, in order to discover assumptions, values and biases. To assess understanding of the clients’ worldviews, the study made use of case studies of linguistically and culturally diverse (LCD) students. The participants were asked to apply a framework to the cases to examine aspects school counselors should consider when handling diverse students. The participants had a lengthy discussion on the provided cases, and at the end of the session, they expressed the advantage of having discussions with peers. Another session comprised of a panel interview with three mothers of different cultures. Each of the women talked about her child’s experiences in school, all of which related to the inefficiency of the school officials to handle multicultural students. In all the issues raised, lack of communication surfaced as the most recurrent problem. In relation to this, participants commented that had there been proper communication between parents and school officials, issues would have been resolved more easily. Moreover, the study also included a session that dealt with developing appropriate interventions to cases of LCD students. Through this, participants were able to exchange views and experiences which could help build up a resource for interventions to cases of LCD students. Based on this session, counselors noted that most of them found it difficult to deal with LCD student mainly because of the language barrier. Furthermore, insecurities due to lack of knowledge of other cultures affected the competencies of the participants. In sum, the school counselors agreed that having enough facility to understand the student and overcoming language barriers is one major key to providing adequate help to students. Similarly, Chandras et al. (2006) suggest counseling strategies and techniques in handling multicultural students. One skill they emphasized to be critical in every counseling situation is effective listening. Effective listening, as Neuknug (2002) defines, includes allowing students to talk, concentrating on what is being said, giving minimal advice, empathizing, asking for clarifications, and limiting questions. When handling multicultural students, it is important for the counselor to be fully sensitive to verbal cues that relate to culture. For instance, a student who is often bullied in class may not admit why he is being bullied due to his insecurity. There are some students who would rather keep the truth to themselves or resolve their own conflicts instead of asking help from school officials. Despite this attitude, a good school counselor could still unlock verbal cues that could make the student open up. For example, a child who claims he is not interested in making friends with his classmates could likewise mean that his classmates are cruel to him and not totally uninteresting. As such, clarifying responses and not directly giving advice may help the child reflect on his own situation. To maintain effective counseling strategy, a constructive and emphatic relationship is very important (Chandras et al., 2006). In this respect, the counselor’s role is first to build up trust and optimism. On the one hand, gaining trust of a student is paramount to establishing a good relationship. Without trust, there can be no revelations, no life experiences told. On the other hand, developing optimism facilitates finding a solution to the problem. Also, when a student perceives that there is a solution to the dilemma, he becomes more willing to cooperate in the counseling process. Secondary to the abovementioned is discussing stages of the counseling process. It is important to inform the counselee how the counseling would go, what can be achieved during counseling stages, and how long they will take. Together with this, the counselor should set guidelines both he and the student will follow, such as time schedule, behavior rules, and limitations. Chakras et al. determine other responsibilities of a counselor. These include preparing the student for counseling session. As a counselor, one has to establish the reason why the student should undergo counseling. Asking the student what he feels is wrong, or eliciting experiences that seem difficult for him are ways to prepare the student. In addition, the counselor must assert that the problem can be worked out if the counselee cooperates in resolving it. Also, some situations that lead to the attention are considered for school counseling. These include breaking school rules, misbehaving, or underachievement. As such, the class adviser and the school counselor should work hand in hand regarding record of students’ behavior and progress. One of the misconceptions about counseling is that students are referred to it only for disciplinary purposes. Students tend to think that if they are called for counseling, they have been noted to misbehave in school. Thus, some students create a wrong view that counselors are disciplinarians. Importantly, this issue should be addressed during school orientation, letting the students know and feel that counseling is a helping process, and not a disciplinary one. Furthermore, what the counselor can do to avoid this misconception is to call each student one by one, get to know them, and allow a time for them to be acquainted with her and her work, so that fears regarding counseling could be avoided. Importantly, not only those who have reports of misbehavior should be called for counseling, but every student handled by each counselor. During counseling session, one good characteristic the counselor should exhibit is to remain focused on the specific problem. If the student’s problem concerns only his classmates, the counselor should identify ways to resolve it at the said level, and not delve on the students’ family background, as such may give the student an impression that his problem is huge. For example, if the student identifies that he is having problems with classmates bullying him, the counselor must call the attention of the said classmates and allow the said parties to explain the issue (i.e., tell them of the situation to find out if they are aware of the problem they cause their classmate). Furthermore, it is the counselor’s role to sustain interest of the counselee during the counseling process. To attain this, the counselor should ask questions relevant to the situation, and involve the counselee in arriving at the best workable solution. Asking irrelevant questions and monopolizing the discussion may distract the concentration of the counselee. In addition, the counselor may give assignments or home work so that the student would feel responsible and be prepared for the next counseling session. As regards developing appropriate intervention strategies and techniques to help multicultural students, counselors should also be effectively involved in non-academic and out-of-school activities. As the core of the student’s personality, the counselor should focus first on building family relationships. Activities involving the students’ family would be an effective strategy to (1) know students well, (2) gain knowledge of family structure of students, whether parents are separated, and where students stay, (3) provide a venue for family bonding, and (4) inform parents of their children’s progress/problems. Parent involvement in counseling is inevitable. Some studies confirm student improvement in â€Å"academic performance, attitudes and behavior, attendance, school adjustment and engagement, and graduation rates†(Barnard, Epstein, Simons-Morton Crump, as cited in Sanabria). In Jevnes (as cited in Sanabria), a recent meta-analysis of 41 studies shows a significant relationship between parent’s involvement in school and academic achievement of urban students.            Parent involvement in school can include activities designed to inform them of their children’s progress, workshops or conferences to help them cope with the difficulties of parenting, marriage, etc. However, some parents lack the initiative to get involved in their child’s school affairs. As Lareau (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) posits, parents perceptions of racism and their own negative school experiences tend to create the distance between them and the schools. One study conducted by McKay, Atkins, Hawkins, Brown (as cited in Sanabria, 2004) found that the racism awareness of low-income African American parents was positively related to at-home parental involvement, and inversely related to at-school involvement. In this case, the counselor should coordinate closely with class advisers and other school officials to help convince these parents to give priority to their children. One source of motivation could be research dat a establishing correlation between children’s progress and parental involvement. One activity the counselor could organize is a â€Å"Day with Parents.†This could be a panel discussion involving model parents (probably of outstanding students) to act as the panel, and discuss relevant issues with students and co-parents. In this activity, the panel discusses ways on how they get involved with the affairs of their children, and how these measures create positive output to them. After the pane interview/discussion, the parents may exchange ideas in a forum to discuss proper ways to bring up children. Specifically, student problems, whether academic or personal, may also be brought up. Another activity the counselor could organize is a family day in which the whole family will come to the school to enjoy rides, games, or dining together. This event may be school-wide and would need the participation of every school personnel and students. Aside from organizing events for the family, the school counselor could also incorporate in the program field trips, camping, games, and other fun activities for the students. This will help students, especially with multicultural background, to get to know their classmates well. This way, they would also find time to have more friends. Aside from this, fun activities would also make them realize that school is not just for learning academics but also for having fun.            Moreover, other activities school counselors could provide include workshops or performing arts activities. These activities are very ideal to cultivate the talents of students. Examples of which include art, theater arts, dance, and singing workshops. After the workshops, counselors could also have a culminating activity in which students show what they have learned from the workshop. For arts, students will have an art exhibit, for dance, theater arts, and singing, the counselor could propose to school administration to allow a concert or show, in which students will be the performers. This particular activity could also serve as a fund raising campaign aside from showcasing the talent of students.            Other activities to make students realize their potentials include sports activities/intramurals. This would allow sports-minded students to show their capabilities in their field. Also, this could serve as the school’s campaign against drug use among students.            Further to the given interventions, counselors could also conduct career orientation, especially for graduating students. In this activity, the counselor would invite some professionals to talk about their career to inspire students to follow a similar path. At the end of the session, the counselor would elicit from students, which career aroused their interest, and what made them interested to it. Importantly, students should be given many options to choose from, and career professionals to be invited should likewise have multicultural identity, so that students can easily relate with them. Evaluation sessions should also follow to allow room for improvement.            Counselors also have a part in the school’s community outreach. By giving orientation to students regarding the activity and motivating them to help other people, students will realize that the helping profession is not limited within the four corners of the school. The participation of the counselor is very important as this will strengthen the role of the counseling profession and the school’s mission of helping other people.            Other interventions the counselor could incorporate in the counseling program include achievement tests, personality tests, and other assessments to gauge the students’ academic and personal progress. These could help identify the needs of the students or their inclinations to serve as guide in choosing their future career. There are a lot of ways a school counselor can adopt to help in the holistic development of students. In adopting each intervention, what is important is to bear in mind its applicability to the multicultural students. As each student comes from a different background, it is imperative to learn about them individually, and not just by names or culture affiliation. As long been practiced by other counseling professionals, one strategy the counselor could employ is to do home visits. By visiting students in their home, the counselor will gain a clear and accurate picture of the students’ background. Similarly, this would also create for him a first-hand experience of the students’ cultural background.  Conclusion As we continue to live in the Information Age, we are driven to realize the many impacts of multiculturalism on people, educational institutions, and society in general. In particular, we see how it changed history in the 1960s with the civil protest of Black Americans, and how it restructured school policies on employment of faculty, and treatment of students. Similarly, we see how it inspired minority groups to express their views and contribute to the rich and modern culture. Moreover, we see the important role of multiculturalism in the counseling programs of schools and the community, not to mention the challenges it continues to bring counselors in providing care and assistance. Although discrimination based on race, ethnic origin, gender, religion, disability, socio-political, and economic status are still evident in our society, the progress attained by forerunners and supporters of multiculturalism make us look forward to a better nation in the next decades. As time unfolds, we may take pride as we watch Americans embrace Africans, Asians, and other people of color. This view will continue to unveil as school administrators continue to uphold and cultivate the gifts of diversity in their orientation of students and communities. Much to the efforts made by school activists, we may look forward to more reforms in the counseling scene, either in schools or communities. The standards set by the AMCD or APA would continue to lead counselors to realize the importance of their roles in the society. The role played by counselors is not an easy task. However, by being conscious of their own tendency toward biases, counselors would avoid disserving their clients, and in the long run, the attitude of people especially schoolchildren toward counseling would further be affirmative. Moreover, adhering to the second characteristic, counselors would maintain a sensitive attitude toward cultures of other people. As such, they will feel the importance of bridging gaps among multicultural individuals, thus becoming proponents of unity and peace in the long run. Also part of the competency requirements of counselors is to devise or organize strategies to provide relevant counseling and helping services to the people. In this respect, their role is not limited to the school setting they serve, but it is likewise relevant to the community they work with. By fulfilling their part as community helpers, counselors would have a richer cultural experience which could help in their field. Recognizing the difficult task expected of counselors, we may develop the doubt regarding the capability of school counselors of today in taking on the said challenges. In this regard, counselors would need all the assistance it could get from school officials such as teachers, principal, and other staff. Through the collaboration between counselors and school officials, multicultural students will realize the important contribution they can make in the society, not only in their group but also in the lives of other people, in the fields of technology, manpower, innovation, and care for the environment. The nature of helping students does not end in counseling them or providing moral support. Rather, it extends to making them feel their importance as people, providing them choices in life, and cultivating their talents. The counseling program of every school should be the most active program among all, as it involves not only the students and counselors, but also other school officials, including the teachers, librarian, and support staff. If every one in the school system shares in the goal of achieving multicultural counseling, we can hope for the success of multicultural students. As such, everyone should his/her own part and responsibilities in promoting the welfare of the studentsâ€â€that is, giving respect to people of other cultures, helping them realize their life goals, and making them co-creators of society. Despite all the efforts exerted by counselors and other individuals to make up a better society, we can still note some people, even students who would resist multiculturalism. The harsh picture of some students exhibiting exclusivist attitude toward their peers should not be overlooked. Rather, it should be the concern of everyone in the school, especially its officials. In line with this, more studies should be conducted on how to incorporate multicultural views into the counseling program of every school, beginning from pre-schools to post-graduate schools. It would also help if psychological groups or associations would set standards particularly for multicultural school counseling. These rules would serve as guide for school administrators in choosing the right school counselor. While it is the role of school counselors to provide counseling to multicultural students, it would also help if schools would implement a procedure to evaluate if other aspects of the school adhere to promoting cultural diversity. Particularly, school administrators should realize that the issue of multiculturalism should not be addressed by the counseling program alone, but also by all aspects of the school, including the physical structure of the school. In this regard, future research in psychology could include ways on how the school’s physical structure could support counseling programs for multicultural students. References Chandras, Kan, David DeLambo, Sunil Chandras. (2006). Counseling strategies and techniques to sensitize school counselors to the life experiences of culturally different students. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://www.counselingoutfitters.com/Chandras.htm Constantine, Madonna. (2001). Universal-diverse orientation and general expectations about counseling: Their relation to college students multicultural counseling expectations. Journal of college student development. Retrieved January 28, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200111/ai_n8993131 Freedman, Kenneth. (1999). Multicultural counseling. Retrieved January 23, 2008, from http://www.alaska.net/~fken/Multiculture.htm Gorski, Paul. (1999). A Brief History of Multicultural Education. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/edchange_history.html Hanna, Fred. (2000). Asian shades of spirituality: implications for multicultural school counseling. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_7/ai_n6121238 Harris, Anthony. (2007). Philosophy and techniques of multicultural education. Journal of multidisciplinary research. Vol. 1 Issue 1. Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articles/1080.htm Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.getthetoolkit.com/publications/transgender%20students.pdf Patterson, C.H. (1996). Multicultural counseling: from diversity to universality. Journal of counseling and development. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://www.sageofasheville.com/pub_downloads/MULTICULTURAL_COUNSELING_FROM_DIVERSITY_TO_UNIVERSALITY.pdf Rosado, Caleb. (1997). Toward a definition of multiculturalism. Retrieved January 30, 2008, from http://www.rosado.net/pdf/Def_of_Multiculturalism.pdf Rosado, Caleb. (n.d.). What makes a school multicultural? January 24, 2008, from http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/caleb/multicultural.html Sanabria, Samuel. (2004). Culturally appropriate career counseling with gay and lesbian clients. Career development quarterly. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Culturally+appropriate+career+counseling+with+gay+and+lesbian+clients.-a0127052322 Sue, Derald Wing, Patricia Arredondo, and Roderick McDavis. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from www.counseling.org/Files/FD.ashx?guid=e14f8c36-41e7-4af8-830d-69f6057986d7 – Van Velsor, Patricia Graciela Orozco. (2007). Involving low-income parents in the schools: Communitycentric strategies for school counselors. Professional school counseling. Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Involving+low-income+parents+in+the+schools%3a+communitycentric-a0171018638 Webb, Michael. (1990). Multicultural education in elementary and secondary schools. Eric digest number 67. Retrieved January 24, 2008, from http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9218/secondary.htm
Saturday, October 26, 2019
The Crucible and Why Reputation is Important :: Essay on The Crucible
Many people believe that teenagers are reckless, rude, and untruthful human beings. It seems that teenagers are always under the pressure to â€Å"look cool,†and not do anything embarrassing. Reputation means a great deal to many high schoolers, because it seems that you only get one chance to make a good impression. In the Crucible, Abigail and the other girls fear that their reputation will be destroyed if the would be known as witches. Teenagers today have so much pressure on themselves. They have to get good grades, to get into their choice of college. They also are under the pressure to have and keep a good reputation, just as Abigail and the girls of Salem had to keep theirs. We have all experienced a time during our teenage years when our parents told us not to do something, but we did it anyways, because we thought that we could outsmart our parents and not get into trouble. In the Crucible, the following quote â€Å"She made me do it! She made Betty do it!†Abigail is blaming Tituba, for them dancing in the forest, and told everyone that Tituba was with the Devil and that she was a witch. This shows that Abigail and the girls did no want to get in trouble, or confess for dancing in the forest. So they came up with the idea of saying that it was witchcraft and that they were forced upon their own will. In today’s society teenagers are faced with the same type of pressure. When on person gets in trouble, they tend to point the finger at someone else, for mainly one reason: so they do not get into trouble for their wrong doings. In the Salem Witch Trials the girls of Salem told a lie, so they would not get into trouble for dancing in the forest. In the end this caused them to hurt the lives of many men and women who were wrongly accused, because of false accusations. A good reputation is hard to achieve and even harder to keep. Teenagers take their reputation very seriously. One accusation or wrong action can see like the end of the world. Some teenagers believe that if they can blame someone else, then their problems will disappear. But that belief is misinterpreted. Anything that goes around comes around. Power is a very strapping word. The Crucible and Why Reputation is Important :: Essay on The Crucible Many people believe that teenagers are reckless, rude, and untruthful human beings. It seems that teenagers are always under the pressure to â€Å"look cool,†and not do anything embarrassing. Reputation means a great deal to many high schoolers, because it seems that you only get one chance to make a good impression. In the Crucible, Abigail and the other girls fear that their reputation will be destroyed if the would be known as witches. Teenagers today have so much pressure on themselves. They have to get good grades, to get into their choice of college. They also are under the pressure to have and keep a good reputation, just as Abigail and the girls of Salem had to keep theirs. We have all experienced a time during our teenage years when our parents told us not to do something, but we did it anyways, because we thought that we could outsmart our parents and not get into trouble. In the Crucible, the following quote â€Å"She made me do it! She made Betty do it!†Abigail is blaming Tituba, for them dancing in the forest, and told everyone that Tituba was with the Devil and that she was a witch. This shows that Abigail and the girls did no want to get in trouble, or confess for dancing in the forest. So they came up with the idea of saying that it was witchcraft and that they were forced upon their own will. In today’s society teenagers are faced with the same type of pressure. When on person gets in trouble, they tend to point the finger at someone else, for mainly one reason: so they do not get into trouble for their wrong doings. In the Salem Witch Trials the girls of Salem told a lie, so they would not get into trouble for dancing in the forest. In the end this caused them to hurt the lives of many men and women who were wrongly accused, because of false accusations. A good reputation is hard to achieve and even harder to keep. Teenagers take their reputation very seriously. One accusation or wrong action can see like the end of the world. Some teenagers believe that if they can blame someone else, then their problems will disappear. But that belief is misinterpreted. Anything that goes around comes around. Power is a very strapping word.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays
â€Å"All the characters in â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†are to some extent living an unreal existence†. Agree or disagree with this statement about the characters and be sure to use quotes to support your comments. Not all the characters in â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†are living an unreal existence, however some are, in particular Blanche, Stella and Stanley. Blanch to some extent is living in her own fantasy world plagued with delusions and outbursts. It is quite obvious that she is living an illusion. Stella is living an unreal existence in regards to the way in which she likes to pretend she is living in a happy home. Stanley is also however to a much lesser extent living an unreal existence. He is very self-centered and towards the end he seems to be living a life nearly devoted to breaking down Blanche. We can see why and in what way these characters are living an unreal existence through exploring the major themes of this play and their relation to the characters in regards to â€Å"living an unreal existence†. These themes which will be discussed later on include reality versus illusion, confronting reality, male domination and truth versus lies. Reality versus illusion is one of, if not the major theme of the play. It also has the most relevance to the way in which Blanche, Stanley and Stella are living in their own fantasy world. Perhaps the reason Blanche chose illusion rather than reality is because of her somewhat troubled past. When Blanche was 16 she married Alan who was 17. The impression we get of Alan is that of an attractive, gentle and kind young man. However, he had a somewhat feminine quality about him. Blanche soon finds out that he is involved in a homosexual relationship by catching him in the act. Blanche expresses her disgust and soon after Alan commits suicide by shooting himself. Already traumatized, the situation grew quickly worse when Blanche looses Belle Reve, the family estate. This proves only to worsen Blanche’s mental state to an all new low. This coupled with other events led Blanche to living with her sister Stella and her husband Stanley. Perhaps the events which had occurred led her to the edge of insanity which she was resting on during her time living with Stanley and Stella. It was easier for her to create her own fantasy world rather than to face up to reality.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Lincoln vs. Davis Essay
Davis vs. Lincoln The management styles of Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln greatly influenced the outcome of the Civil War. Lincoln’s primary goal was to preserve the union, and in order to do this, he made certain decisions that were un-constitutional. These decisions ultimately strengthened his role as the president as the war progressed. He even stated in his address that if necessary, he would do whatever it takes to win. Jefferson, in contrast, demonstrated a very loose ruling over the people of the confederacy.He was honest and followed the law without breaking rules. He allowed the war to be controlled by the military leaders who were participants in the battle, and he gave his generals trust and authority. The result of Daviis’s leadership style was an executive branch weaker than Lincoln’s. It is debatable that because of Lincoln’s reckless, un-lawful decisions, the Union was able to win the war against the South. According to document A, Linc oln had a â€Å"blatant disregard for the Constitution. Throughout the war, Abraham Lincoln increased the Army, spent money without approval and made un-justified arrests. During his presidency he also held opposing political enemies in jail without trial so he could potentially gain more votes. â€Å"As he delivered the Gettysburg Address, his troops guarded the polls at a state election in Delaware, insuring a Republican Victory†(Document A). It is interesting to think how Lincoln is typically portrayed as â€Å"Honest Abe†and â€Å"The Great Emancipator†since he was none of these things.Jefferson Davis was the honest, law abiding president that most people believe Lincoln to be. He was a very intelligent, great public speaker known for integrity. Unlike Lincoln, Davis became slightly less popular because he refused to remove un-successful officers. His support of state sovereignty was based on deep conviction. (Document A) Davis was a very ineffective mic romanager. While the battles raged on, Davis trusted his Generals to lead the war and make the decisions. Davis on the other hand had a calm, relaxed leadership style and welcomed the input of others.He was known to change strategies and even allowed the generals to change strategies that he had strongly opposed. Davis was able to forgive his opponents and listen to their concerns. He would consider the opinions of others and would revise his actions according to information from generals, his cabinet, or the people. One of the factors contributing to the outcome of the war due to leadership styles was that Lincoln micromanaged his generals and acted as the authority, while Davis allowed the generals freedom with decisions and battle strategies.Lincoln would go to any lengths to pursue his goals of preserving the Union and â€Å"ordered thousands of arrest, kept political enemies in prison without bringing charges against them, refused these hapless men right to trial by their peer s, and ignored orders from the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to release them†. (Document A) Lincoln was goal oriented and focused on his plan and was not receptive to input from authorities or the people. Lincoln’s act of silencing his opponents led to fear in the public and ultimately to Lincoln getting his way.Because of Lincoln’s strong dedication to win the war, his strategy was much more powerful than Davis’s. Davis ran on a trial and error style of fighting, while Lincoln would not accept failure. Because of his persistence and record of winning battles, Lincoln had a strategic advantage over the Confederacy. Perhaps if Davis had a taken more responsibility and aggressiveness toward the Union, the outcome would have been different. However, because of the completely different leadership styles, the Union achieved victory over the Confederate army.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Affirmative action Does it work today essays
Affirmative action Does it work today essays The Unites States Constitution, in Amendment XIV, Section 1, states, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. (1)" Affirmative action can trace its roots back to the 14th amendment, although it did not really get started until Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed, giving minorities equal employment rights. The overall strategy and outline for this plan were contained in Executive Order 11246, which was issued by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1972 (Gilbert et al. 2). This led to a wave of programs that were intended to further the equal employment opportunities for minority individuals. Affirmative action programs were intended to legally require organizations to be diverse. During the 1990's these programs have come under a lot of scrutiny and are being replaced with a concept known as diversity management. . Managing and valuing diversity are key aspects of organizational behavior, but the question lies in how to create the diversity within the organization. In this paper, I will examine several articles that will give us reasons that affirmative action should be replaced by dive rsity management, as well as one that believes that affirmative action is still needed in today's society. Mary Guy believes that affirmative action programs are still needed today. She noted that if we lived in a perfect world we would not have a need for organizations to have affirmative action programs (240). However, since people have a tendency to work around people that are most like us, programs are needed to ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
The successful implementation of social networks for fashion marketing
The successful implementation of social networks for fashion marketing Abstract Fashion marketing is a dynamic process that requires dynamic creation of the available opportunities in order for any fashion to stay afloat. The use of social networking sites has become the in thing in the realm of advertising. People and companies are taking advantage of the rate at which the social networking sites are visited in order to market their products.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The successful implementation of social networks for fashion marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to establish the way the social networking sites can be used by various people and organizations in the establishment of the right markets for the fashion products. Introduction The current day proliferation in the use of the internet in the world has really transformed the way people can interact. The internet has been able to compress the world into one digital village where interaction w ith the rest of the world does not require one to leave the comfort of their sitting room or the desk at their workplaces. One of the factors and tools that have made this a reality is social networking. Social networking sites have become the code of the day. There are various sites which offer social interaction capabilities such that people can communicate with their friends and families situated in diverse localities throughout the world and update them on their day to day activities as and when they happen. Some of the sites in use today are facebook, twitter, friendstar, MySpace, flicker, zanga, Slashdot, dodgeball, bibo, blogger and so many others. Twitter and facebook comprise of the most visited and the most famous social networking sites. Fashion marketing includes the analysis, development and marketing of current fashion trends into the sales department for the invention of the right sales strategies. Marketers in the fashion industry are involved in researching about th e current trends in the fashion world, the industries and the people concerned and also the reason as to why the trends are so popular. The simply are focused on the people who are interested in their products. Fashion marketing is a very dynamic process. This is mainly due to the spontaneous changes that are visible in the fashion industry. The competition is very stiff and requires the necessary stakeholders to be always on their toes or else they will find themselves trailing behind the rest in the fashion market (Gunasekaran, et al, 2002).Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Integration of social networking sites and fashion marketing therefore tends to be one of the most attractive decisions that a fashion marketer can take. Today, social networking sites are recording the highest number of visits in an hour. This entails that once a product is advertised t hrough the sites, there is a very high probability that so many people will be able to know about the product. This paper looks at fashion marketing and seeks to garner more knowledge on the use of social networking sites in this industry. The paper will begin with a background and a review of the topic. This will be closely followed by the objectives of the study and the methods that will be used to gather information in the research project. A conclusion will wind up the paper stating some of the important lessons learnt in the paper. Literature review In this section the paper seeks to describe how the popular internet social connection platforms can be used to market fashion. Bohdanowicz Clamp (1994) state that â€Å"marketing plays a vital role in the fashion industry†, since social networks can be an effective marketing tool, this paper discusses how the fashion industry can use these networks to leverage its marketing strategies. Social networks are a meeting point fo r people. Networks like Facebook, Twitter, provide a means for people to link up with new people or old friends. They are also used by professionals to enhance their odds of career development. Social networks provide the opportunity to upload or download photos and videos. This ascertains their genuineness in a particular social circle, industry or just keeps them in touch with their contacts. Business establishments have noticed the impact that social networks are having on the way people communicate, connect are meet. As a result social networking has become a platform where people can be introduced to products and services (Elliott, 1991). This has resulted in the development of relationships between the sellers and buyers of products and services (Marzo-Navarro, Pedraja-Iglesias, Rivera-Torres, 2004,p 420-423) How social networks can be an effective marketing tool Since businesses discovered that social networks can be used as an effective marketing tool, marketers have been o verlooking the real purpose of why social networks were setup in the first place. Some networks, like Twitter and Facebook were setup to connect friends. Others like LinkedIn were setup to connect people of the same professions. People want to belong to groups with other people of similar interests and backgrounds. Social networks fulfill this need and they have now redefined the use of the internet and it is now being used to connect people more than ever before regardless of the geographical constraints.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The successful implementation of social networks for fashion marketing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social networks have enabled fashion marketing to be easier and more effective because they provide a marketing latency that can be used to greatly enhance any fashion marketing campaign. The internet has, however, been a fashion marketing tool for businesses, the main depa rture from tradition is that increasing competition in the global marketplace has forced businesses to look for new ways of maintaining customer loyalty and increasing market-share in increasingly saturated markets (Marzo-Navarro, Pedraja-Iglesias, Rivera-Torres, 2004, p434). Businesses now use less of the traditional methods of directing internet traffic to their websites by optimizing the process of link building. They now employ social networks to communicate their message. Social networks are an effective tool for marketing because thousands potential customers are communicated to whenever they visit the firms social page (Kotler Eduardo, 1989). Traditionally, the use of search engines for marketing called for the creation of content that contained a lot of the keywords that the site creators aim to call attention to, which would then be supported by the getting as much links as possible to be directed to your page with the keywords as the anchor links. Social networks introdu ced a new approach that forces you to use the traffic that you get from the internet and facilitating them to discuss about the targeted topics that the marketer would like to be the key points. Social networks can provide thousands of simultaneous connections whenever friends share or discuss any particular topic. Over time, casual mentions and discussions of a product can lead to full product endorsements (Hines, 2007). The established product endorsements can easily reach new connections exponentially as more people are made aware by their friends and contacts. Traditionally, internet-search-engine based marketing techniques relied on directing traffic to your site through links, nowadays social networks have made this more effective by having people direct each other while in their discussions, which is the equivalent of people being directed to your product site based on the opinion of their friends.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Attributes of marketers that make them use social networks effectively Social networks mirror the way people get connected to each in real life relationships. The social theory of connection: â€Å"Six Degrees of Separation†states that anyone can meet anyone else by being connected to the eventual contact by five intermediary contacts. This theory is illustrated by the way social networks facilitate connections that can be used to create marketing opportunities (Moore Fairhurst, 2003, 385). In terms of the connection theory, marketing can be carried by people who facilitate connections under three categories, namely: Connectors Mavens Salespeople Connectors. When a marketer is running a campaign, there are people who are already connected to her, and the marketer is able to connect to many more others (McKee, 1992), because her major goal is to reach out to as many people as possible. The marketer will therefore act as the connector between people from diverse cultures a nd backgrounds. (Bohdanowicz Clamp, 1994)If a product can be considered as germ, then the marketer acts as the vector of the germ, because they come across many people than others do. Mavens. Marketers, who employ the tactic of spreading the word about a good thing, fall under this category. They have the skills to initiate a buzz about a good thing. Once a widespread interest has been sparked, the connectors spread it even further. Salespeople. These are the type of people that easily persuade others about the marketing message of a particular campaign (Bohdanowicz Clamp, 1994). They convince those that are hesitant about the message that they deduce from a particular marketing call. How Social Networks Can Increase the Return of Investment of the Fashion Industry In this section, the paper discusses how social networks have contributed to the returns on the investments of the fashion industry by describing how they have been used to make fashion marketing more efficient and far reaching. According to Easey (2009), the fashion industry has always relied on classic methods of doing business, which generally shun the extensive integration of technology into its practices. The industry is more people oriented, most of the production process relies on the physical input of people, as an illustration, the design process is usually done by hand. In the recent past, however, the fashion firms have been increasingly employing technology to increase the production efficiency and source material quality assurance. Fashion marketers have until recently relied on the information provided by the retailers of fashion products to determine those products that might do well in the market. Even recorded sales data could not be used to accurately determine which products would generate good sales in the future. Social networks could be however be used to measure the response of the consumers to a particular design, which would lead to better projections of the fashion sales . This gives the producers the advantage of manufacturing quantities that they are sure of selling instead of releasing products that would produce a glut in the market (Selden, 1996). Fashion retailers have been facing a problem of having to deal with the huge quantities of returned merchandize. Products get returned when they do not fit the customer appropriately, the material that made the product is of a quality that the customer did not expect or the customer is just not satisfied with product. Fashion social sites like MyShape have solved this problem by enabling people to create their profiles which enables the fashion producers to be creating products that are accurately tailored to the needs of the customers. According to Andersson, et al, (2004) marketing should be carried out so as to have the maximum possible impact on the intended consumers; this is what social networks are achieving by increasingly turning window shoppers into actual fashion buyers. An analysis of the preferences of the connected customers enables the fashion retailers to offer what would is in demand, thus fulfilling the actual fashion needs of the customers. Retailers can post images of what they offer and according to the comments of the members of that network; they can fine tune their offers accordingly (p 110). While some social networks are providing data about the preferences, purchase power and emerging trends, other technology firms have integrated this data to provide even more personalized data services. The social-trends monitoring technology firm Novitaz has a system that communicates with a fashion consumer by using their mobile phones to track their locations so that they can provide information about the nearest fashion outlet and broadcast news about the latest trends that are suitable for that particular consumer. While a firm known as ShopKick employs the same technology to enable the fashion retailer to send personalized promotional news to the consumer. The promotions could include gifts that are linked to other social sites, for example Facebook Currency. Though social networks have become now increasingly become a means of marketing fashion merchandise, albeit the traditional methods of reaching the fashion consumer are still influential (Andreasen, 1995), thus the fashion retailer now needs to track all the marketing media to gauge the effect of a product campaign. A firm called Fashion GPS specializes in tracking all the media that a fashion retailer may use to market her products and integrates all this into common consumer data. Implications of this research In this section, this paper shows how marketing through social media is here to stay, but the way in which it is carried out will have to adapt to changing times, as Bohdanowicz Clamp (1994) say: â€Å"the transient nature of fashion means that marketers must constantly operate within time constraints†. The marketers of fashion should therefore be careful to disregard the fundamentals of marketing, even when they use novel marketing media like social networks. The goals of the marketing campaign are carefully regarded to ensure that the correct messages are passed, since social media can transmit any kind of message, good or bad, at the same rate (Tomes, 1994,p160). Although marketing has been proposed to be carried out aggressively, when the marketer is at a personal level with a potential consumer (Andersson, Hedelin, Nilsson, Welander, 2004, p 112), keen attention is required when social media marketing is used because it easily leads to unintended results. Research objectives The main objectives of this study will be as follows: To investigate the way fashion marketers establish their foundations using their current and existing systems To investigate both the advantages and the disadvantages of using social networking sites as a fashion marketing tool To get and distinguish the challenges involved in using the social networking sites in t he fashion industry as a tool for fashion marketing To establish the factors that outline the direct effects and also the indirect effects of using the social networking sites as tool to market the current trends in the fashion industry To establish the impacts of using the social networking sites and other opportunities that can help in fashion marketing from the social networking sites. Research methodology This research will use the philosophy of realism as the core part of the research. This will assist in ensuring that the data collected trough the methods that will be discussed later will portray the real situation as it is and also the expectations for the future. The necessity of applying such a stance is due to the seriousness in the way style impacts lives of people directly. Fashion is used to depict someone and is the outward voice that explains who a person is (Weikum and Vossen, 2002). The study will seek to build theories and answers which will be based on the collec ted information. According to Creswell (1994), the information which is required at any one circumstance during a certain process, is concerned with both the nature of the situation and also the status of the situation. This is because of the longitudinal pattern of its existence. The practices and also the existing relationships have the capability of being explored to the last inch through this process. In addition to the existing practices, say in the fashion industry, the continuing beliefs and subsequent processes that influence the changes in the fashion industry also fall in. the combination of this facts and maybe figures can lead to possible prediction of future trends in the industry (Best, 1970). From such an analysis, the research will have been able to establish the most important aspect of the fashion industry; being in line with the current trends and the psychic abilities of predicting the next hit in the fashion industry. With the right prediction, consequent advert isements can follow suit (Joshi, 2005). In the first stages of the research, it will incorporate a qualitative approach through the distribution of survey questionnaires. The questionnaires will be sent to two broadly based groups of people located in a local university for ease of collection and convenience in data entry. The first group will comprise of students pursuing various degrees in fashion designing and other fashion oriented courses. The second group will consist of students found in the internet cafes and various internet hot spots within the chosen campuses. The essence of this distribution is to incorporate knowledge about fashion and the use of internet. Though the questionnaires will be the same, it will be simple to note out about the trends that are going on with respect to the way that the students will answer the relevant questions. In the questionnaires, the instrument of choice will be both structured questions and open ended questions. The questions will be de mographic and some other answers will be direct and associated with the topic under discussion. The topic will be generalized to come up with the right statistics that will be used to determine the right graphical trend for the job. Another form of research that will be employed in this research project will be a detailed media analysis. In the media analysis, focus will be concentrated on topics and articles in the media that focus on the research. Pints will be taken and analyzed at the end of the data collection period. The findings will be incorporated to the previous findings so as to get some concrete information (Joshi, 2005). Contribution of the study This study will help market researchers in establishing the right track in their internet marketing. Due to the proliferation that is found today in the field of internet marketing, most people lack the proper idea on how to go about marketing. This research will thus be an eye opener to all the stakeholders involved in fashion marketing on the riches found in social networking sites in terms of information outsourcing and delivery. Research ethics This research has been done in a very ethical way in that there is no involvement of financial inducements, deception or any form of unethical behavior that might in any way compromise the standards that have been duly set in the university code of ethics. Time scale and resources This research will take two three months. Data collection will take the first one month. This will be followed by an analysis and compilation of the data. After this has been done, the data will be compared with previous researches to check for consistency after which the final report shall be written. References Andersson, S., Hedelin, A., Nilsson, A., Welander, C. (2004) Violent advertising in fashion marketing. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management , 8 (1), 96 112. Andreasen, A. R. (1995) Marketing Social Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Best, J.W. (1970) Rese arch in Education, 2nd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc. Bohdanowicz, J., Clamp, L. (1994) Fashion Marketing. New York: Routledge. Creswell, J.W. (1994) Research design. Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. Easey, M. (2009) Fashion Marketing (3rd Edition ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Elliott, B. J. (1991) A Re-Examination of the Social Marketing Concept. University of New South Wales. Sydney: Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Gunasekaran, A., Khalil, O. Rahman, S. M. (2002) Knowledge and Information Technology Management: Human and Social Perspectives. Idea Group Inc. Hines, T. B. (2007) Fashion marketing: contemporary issues. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. Joshi, R., (2005) International Marketing, New York: Oxford University Press. Kotler, P., Eduardo, R. L. (1989) Social Marketing. New York: The Free Press. Marzo-Navarro, M., Pedraja-Iglesias, M., Rivera-Torres, M. P. (2004) The benefits of relationship marketing for the c onsumer and for the fashion retailers. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management , 8 (4), 425 436. McKee, N. (1992) Social Mobilization and Social Marketing in Developing Communities. Panang, Malaysia: Southbound. Moore, M., Fairhurst, A. (2003) Marketing capabilities and firm performance in fashion retailing. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management , 7 (4), 386 397. Selden, P. (1996) Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop. Milwaukee, WI: ASQC Quality Press. Tomes, K. (1994) Marketing and the Mass Media: Theory and Myth. Health Education Research , 165-169. Weikum, G. Vossen, G. (2002) Transactional information Systems: Theory, Algorithms and the Practice of Concurrency Control and Recovery. Morgan Kaufmann.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Why Deflation Doesnt Happen During a Recession
Why Deflation Doesn't Happen During a Recession When there is economic expansion, demand seems to outpace supply, particularly for goods and services that take time and major capital to increase supply. As a result, prices generally rise (or there is at least price pressure), particularly for goods and services that cannot rapidly meet the increased demand, such as housing in urban centers (relatively fixed supply), and advanced education (takes time to expand/build new schools). This doesnt apply to cars because automotive plants can gear up pretty quickly. Conversely, when there is an economic contraction (i.e. recession), supply initially outpaces demand. This would suggest that there would be downward pressure on prices, but prices for most goods and services dont go down and neither do wages. Why do prices and wages appear to be sticky in a downward direction? For wages, corporate/human culture offer up a simple explanation: people do not like to give pay cuts... managers tend to lay off before they give pay cuts (though there exist some exceptions). That said, this doesnt explain why prices dont go down for most goods and services. In Why Does Money Have Value, we saw that changes in the level of prices (inflation) were due to a combination of the following four factors: The supply of money goes up.The supply of goods goes down.Demand for money goes down.Demand for goods goes up. In a boom, we would expect that the demand for goods to rise faster than the supply. All else being equal, we would expect factor 4 to outweigh factor 2 and the level of prices to rise. Since deflation is the opposite of inflation, deflation is due to a combination of the following four factors: The supply of money goes down.The supply of goods goes up.Demand for money goes up.Demand for goods goes down. We would expect the demand for goods to decline faster than the supply, so factor 4 should outweigh factor 2, so all else being equal we should expect the level of prices to fall. In A Beginners Guide to Economic Indicators we saw that measures of inflation such as the Implicit Price Deflator for GDP are pro-cyclical coincident economic indicators, so the inflation rate is high during booms and low during recessions. The information above shows that the inflation rate should be higher in booms than in bursts, but why is the inflation rate still positive in recessions? Different Situations, Different Results The answer is that all else is not equal. The money supply is constantly expanding, so the economy has a consistent inflationary pressure given by factor 1. The Federal Reserve has a table listing the M1, M2, and M3 money supply. From Recession? Depression? we saw that during the worst recession America has experienced since World War II, from November 1973 to March 1975, real GDP fell by 4.9 percent. This would have caused deflation, except that the money supply rose rapidly during this period, with the seasonally adjusted M2 rising 16.5% and the seasonally adjusted M3 rising 24.4%. Data from Economagic shows that the Consumer Price Index rose 14.68% during this severe recession. A recessionary period with a high inflation rate is known as stagflation, a concept made famous by Milton Friedman. While inflation rates are generally lower during recessions, we can still experience high levels of inflation through the growth of the money supply. So the key point here is that while the inflation rate rises during a boom and falls during a recession, it generally does not go below zero due to a consistently increasing money supply. In addition, there may be consumer psychology-related factors that prevent prices from decreasing during a recession- more specifically, firms may be reluctant to decrease prices if they feel like customers will get upset when they increase prices back to their original levels at a later point in time.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Factors Impacting Spouse of a Chronically Ill Patient Essay
Factors Impacting Spouse of a Chronically Ill Patient - Essay Example For instance, a spouse might be compelled to set aside personal needs or reorganize private lives in preparation for the unpredictability of the condition of the patient (Kapteinm, et al., 2007). Such unexpected occurrences, as claimed by most spouses of the chronically ill patient may hinder individual achievements and create relationship changes. In support of the change in relationship argument, theory asserts that relationship changes emanate from the increased thoughts about the future on the part of the healthy spouse (Rees, et al., 2001). Most of the healthy spouses, if not encouraged by the ill partner to be free, end up suffering psychologically due to increased stress stemming from the worry of the pain experienced by the sick partner. Further research indicates that most ill partners tend to suffer as they try to cope with their new lifestyles. For instance, a blog shows the quality of chronically ill patients suffers in a myriad of ways (sickmomma, 2013). They have to deal with fear, malaise, and apathy. All these stated aspects have negating impacts on their sexuality and social perception. They often feel powerless due to the pity and constant attention they receive from the public, an aspect that tends to worsen the agony of the pain. In concurrence with these sentiments, Kaptein et al., (2007) claim that the lack of information on the public on how to treat terminally ill patients is a significant challenge. They argue that since their spouses and public perceives them with pity, the chronically ill patients end up viewing themselves as powerless in the society. In conclusion, chronically ill patients though suffer from the ailment; it is evident that their suffering spreads to their healthy spouses. The sudden change in lifestyle leads to unexpected shifts in the relationship as both partners try to adjust to the new developments. Kaptein, A. A., Scharloo, M., Helder, D. I., Snoei, L., van Kempen, G. M., , J., . . . C. (2007).
Friday, October 18, 2019
English reaserch paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words
English reaserch paper - Essay Example et of rules, norms or processes by which individuals live since childhood and tolerating or understanding those having differing views of it is a challenging task. B. The advent of technology and the simultaneous evolution of globalization have blurred national and international boundaries thereby further stressing on the significance and need for encouraging cultural acceptance. As nations of the world, join hands for commercial exchange of goods and services, understanding cultural diversity has gained supreme significance. C. On the basis of the above arguments it can be established that there exists widespread cultural diversity across the globe and in the wake of globalization and rapidly blurring geographical boundaries, there is an urgent need to eliminate and reduce the cultural differences. This can only be done through encouraging cultural acceptance as it has great potential in eliminating the racial conflicts that tends to tarnish human development and create obstacles in the fight against environmental degradation. For instance, the fight against terrorism – a popular political agenda of the U.S. government which seeks to defend the nation from prospective terrorist attacks, is a glaring example of both – apparent cultural differences which has given rise to such animosity between faiths, and the investment of huge resources and manpower in arms and ammunition rather than investing the same in more culturally relevant issues such as global warming. D. Cultural acceptance may lead to better socio-economic relations among nations, protection of environment, development of a culturally diverse yet united world, establishment of world peace, greater racial tolerance, healthier trade relations, cultural globalization etc among others. â€Å"In these troubled times with the world in search of its bearings and way ward minds using the terms â€Å"culture†and â€Å"civilization†in an attempt to turn human beings against one another, there is an urgent
To what extent do rational perspectives on management continue to Essay - 1
To what extent do rational perspectives on management continue to dominate and are they still relevant to contemporary managers - Essay Example It aims in creating mutual dependency and trust among the management and the employees such that they operate in a combined fashion to help in meeting the organisational objectives. Development of such a harmonic atmosphere in the organisation is observed to be conducive and beneficial for both the managers and the employees. The third principle as outlined by Taylor relates to the development of cooperation between the managers and the employees in the meeting of end objectives. Operating in a cooperative fashion contributes in the setting and development of standards in the workplace for conducting of tasks. This strategy thus would help in the resolution of conflicts between the managers and the employees (Taylor 2012). The last principle outlined by Taylor relates to the generation of equal opportunity for the development and growth of people pertaining to different levels in the organisation. It helps in promotion of people to shoulder newer and higher responsibilities by dearth of efficiency, skills, expertise and experience gained. This principle also calls for the development of training and development activities by the human resource managers in the organisation for the enhancement of existing ability and knowledge of the people. The above strategy is taken to enhance the sense of loyalty and belongingness in the minds of the employees for the organisation and thereby it helps in reducing the attrition levels (Murugan 2007). The first principle relates to the division or the unitisation of the total work or task generated by an organisation among a group of people. The essence of dividing the total work in basic units contributes in encouraging the different individuals to lay focus and attention on meeting of specific details related to the allocated task. Division of task based on specialisation of the employees also contributes in rightly allocating and using the organisational
Thursday, October 17, 2019
I have dream speech by Martin Luther King Research Paper
I have dream speech by Martin Luther King - Research Paper Example The history of modern America presents Dr. Martin Luther King as heroic leader, and one of the leaders of the Big Six civil right movement governing who were the architects in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963 (Vail, 2006). The march made specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public institutions, civil right reforms, including protection of workers from police brutality; self-government for Washington D.C. then rule by congressional committee. This march was the most gathering of protesters in Washington history at the time and still has an enormous amount of political and social influence up to present day. The purpose for my research is to examine the decisions that were made before the march took place in Washington D.C. The â€Å"I have a dream’’ speech has become a replica for many public speakers who seek large audiences to encourage social change by delivering a pretentious speech in large audience settings. King‘s speech electrified the 250,000 people that went to see the speech, which is regarded along many American President public speeches. Furthermore, many metaphorical scholars have recommended the speech as one of the deluxe speeches in the American history . Terminologies from previous class lectures will be discussed from Dr. King â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech. Social aspects including workers’ rights, polices’ viciousness and institutions’ isolation will be analyzed.... King‘s speech electrified the 250,000 people that went to see the speech, which is regarded along many American President public speeches. Furthermore, many metaphorical scholars have recommended the speech as one of the deluxe speeches in the American history (Collins, 1999). Terminologies from previous class lectures will be discussed from Dr. King â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech. Social aspects including workers’ rights, polices’ viciousness and institutions’ isolation will be analyzed. I will be also examining the goal the speech was intended to achieve at the time and how affective or ineffective it was or had since the speech was delivered. The main purpose I chose Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was because I strongly supported his fight to end racism, classism, poverty, police brutality, government corruption, and unequal resources and services distribution. Personally as a black man myself, born in the African continent, I relate enormously with mos t of the issues Dr. Martin Luther King fought and defended. Dr. King’s â€Å"I have a Dream†speech opens door to many controversial issues concerning people of color and others’ minorities were facing at the time and still facing today. Even though, many of these issues have improved over the years, a lot remain to be accomplished, in order to fulfill King Dream. It is imperative to note that, the speech was delivered during a highly tensed time, when Africans and black American were not allowed to express their views. During this time the Negroes were regarded as the second level or class human beings who were attributed to injustices like forced human labor, taxes racial segregation and impartial
Opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Opinion - Essay Example ovide the police officers with protection from the retaliation of the surprised residents as they might retaliate in self-defense, to provide the private property with protection from harm, and to safeguard the dignity and privacy of the residents. Considering the details of the Hudson v. Michigan case, it becomes obvious that the police officers did not face retaliation from the residents. They neither damaged any private property of the residents nor harmed the dignity of the residents and particularly Hudson. Although his privacy might be considered intruded into, yet this is balanced out by the fact that Officer Jamal Good did wait for three to five seconds before entering Hudson’s home, which can be considered a reasonable time considering the fact that the investigation was made fundamentally to find drugs and firearms that could have easily been hidden had the police waited any longer. Besides, the knock-and-announce rule was never employed to protect the personal inter est of a resident in hiding the evidence needed by a warrant from the government. If Hudson was granted his appeal, the negative effects of the decision would have far outweighed the positive outcomes and the decision would have led to increased and unreasonable freedom of the convicts in the future cases as well. The criminal procedure in the US is derived from a range of legal sources that include but are not limited to the US Constitution’s baseline protections, state statutes, federal statutes, state and federal rules regarding the criminal procedure, and the federal and state case laws. The criminal procedure in the US has a very rational process of presentation of evidence in which the case is first presented by the prosecution in which the prosecution summarizes its arguments through an opening statement. The defense in turn might wait for the prosecution to complete its presentation of the case completely or might give its opening statement. The prosecution calls upon the
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
I have dream speech by Martin Luther King Research Paper
I have dream speech by Martin Luther King - Research Paper Example The history of modern America presents Dr. Martin Luther King as heroic leader, and one of the leaders of the Big Six civil right movement governing who were the architects in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963 (Vail, 2006). The march made specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public institutions, civil right reforms, including protection of workers from police brutality; self-government for Washington D.C. then rule by congressional committee. This march was the most gathering of protesters in Washington history at the time and still has an enormous amount of political and social influence up to present day. The purpose for my research is to examine the decisions that were made before the march took place in Washington D.C. The â€Å"I have a dream’’ speech has become a replica for many public speakers who seek large audiences to encourage social change by delivering a pretentious speech in large audience settings. King‘s speech electrified the 250,000 people that went to see the speech, which is regarded along many American President public speeches. Furthermore, many metaphorical scholars have recommended the speech as one of the deluxe speeches in the American history . Terminologies from previous class lectures will be discussed from Dr. King â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech. Social aspects including workers’ rights, polices’ viciousness and institutions’ isolation will be analyzed.... King‘s speech electrified the 250,000 people that went to see the speech, which is regarded along many American President public speeches. Furthermore, many metaphorical scholars have recommended the speech as one of the deluxe speeches in the American history (Collins, 1999). Terminologies from previous class lectures will be discussed from Dr. King â€Å"I Have a Dream†speech. Social aspects including workers’ rights, polices’ viciousness and institutions’ isolation will be analyzed. I will be also examining the goal the speech was intended to achieve at the time and how affective or ineffective it was or had since the speech was delivered. The main purpose I chose Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was because I strongly supported his fight to end racism, classism, poverty, police brutality, government corruption, and unequal resources and services distribution. Personally as a black man myself, born in the African continent, I relate enormously with mos t of the issues Dr. Martin Luther King fought and defended. Dr. King’s â€Å"I have a Dream†speech opens door to many controversial issues concerning people of color and others’ minorities were facing at the time and still facing today. Even though, many of these issues have improved over the years, a lot remain to be accomplished, in order to fulfill King Dream. It is imperative to note that, the speech was delivered during a highly tensed time, when Africans and black American were not allowed to express their views. During this time the Negroes were regarded as the second level or class human beings who were attributed to injustices like forced human labor, taxes racial segregation and impartial
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Malcolm X and the United States' Civil Right Movement Term Paper
Malcolm X and the United States' Civil Right Movement - Term Paper Example Malcolm is considered as of the greatest and most influential black American in the history of America. At the age of twenty, Malcolm X was imprisoned where he joined Nation of Islam. After his parole in the year 1952, Malcolm rose to be one of the leaders of the Nation Muslims. Several years afterwards, he became a controversial figure in the public domain. However, disillusionment with Nation of Muslims in the year 1964 made him leave the nation match the same year. Later in 1964, he founded the African American unity organization and the Muslim Mosque, Inc. Malcolm believed that one day America would change in the way the whites treated the blacks. During his leadership tenure in the Nation Islam, Malcolm as the organization’s spokesperson, preached or taught black American supremacy and advocated for separation between the white and the black Americans. However, in his teachings, Malcolm contrasted the principles of civil right movement that emphasized on integration among Americans. Since 1952 when he joined the Nation of Islam until 1964 when he left the organization, Malcolm promoted the teachings of the Nation Islam (Walsh7). In his teachings, he emphasized that blacks were the original people of the entire world, and the white race belonged to the devils. In almost all of his speeches, he emphasized that the blacks or the white people were inferior to the black people, and the demise of the white people was imminent(Levy 98). Malcolm X immensely advocated for a complete separation of the African American from the white Americans, despite The Civil Right Movement’s fight against racial segregation. Malcolm had proposed separation of the black Americans to their own country. He considered the move as an interim measure that should be taken against the white until they could return to Africa (Cone 1). In addition, he rejected the nonviolence strategy that has put in play by the civil right movement. Instead, he advocated for self-defense amo ng the African Americans, and asked, them to use any necessary means and measures that were within their reach (Levy 99). His speeches were highly influential especially among the African American audients who lived in the western and northern cities. Notably, these groups were tired of the empty promises. They were ever being told to wait for justice, respect, freedom, and equality (Walsh 9). Therefore, the majority of African Americans felt that Malcolm was articulating their complaints and grievances in a better way than the strategies and moves that were being taken by civil right movement. Many of the white Americans among other blacks were perplexed with Malcolm’s ideals as well as the things he was saying. The Nation of Islam and Malcolm were later described as black supremacists, hatemongers, violence seekers and they were as well considered a threat to race relation improvement. The Civil rights organization afterwards dismissed the Nation of Islam and Malcolm becaus e of being irresponsible extremists where were not concerned with the welfare of the African Americans. Furthermore, Malcolm was accused of anti-Semitism (Cone 1). On the other hand, Malcolm equally criticized the civil right movement and described its leadership as a â€Å"stooge†that has been established by the whites. He as well described Martin Luther King, Jr. as being a â€Å"chump†. Additionally, he was opposed with the march that took place in 1963 and termed it "the farce on Washington". Malcolm claimed that he did not know why the black America
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