The importance of HBCUs in the modern world Research Paper

The importance of HBCUs in the modern macrocosm - Research Paper ExampleEquality was often the cry. Nowadays, when people think they have achieved the desires of their old folks, neighborly issues such as discrimination or racism atomic number 18 seriously examined on every respite of the world. With the acceptance of the merging of different races towards a global goal, it is being cyphered if racism has indeed been eradicated or if at that place is still the scars of racism that show that in the modern world, racism still exists. One of the things being tight examined in relation to this issue is the existence of Historically inglorious Colleges and Universities (HBCU) in a world wherein such racist impositions are greatly criticized. In this paper, it will be studied if the HBCUs are still germane(predicate) or if they should be dissolved dear as slavery has been dissolved in order to commove rid not only of the pains of racism but also its memories and scars. In order to consider well the different angles of the HBCUs, it is important to learn close to the history of the colleges and universities. According to the title III of the high Education Act of 1965, an HBCU is a school of higher learning whose principal mission was and is the education of African Americans accredited and established before 1964 (thurgoodmarshallfund.net). The Higher Education Center on the other hand specifically mentions that it is any historically black college or university (higheredcenter.org) and continues with the definition mentioned earlier. The first HBCU was established in 1837, twenty sextuplet years before the end of slavery (Coleman), in Pennsylvania and named Cheney University. The school catered to African Americans who have just earned their freedom from their slavery, who wanted to earn an education which they believed would grant them better lives. It was birthed by a quaker who was also known to be a philanthropist, who yearned to educate and trai n free Blacks to become teachers (Coleman). For years, HBCUs stood for the educational rights of African American citizens and provided them with quality education that helped them actively participate in their communities. Among them are Alabama Agricultural and mechanic University organized in 1875 by the efforts of a former slave, William Hooper Council Bowie State University which boasts of its dedication to the advancement of knowledge through teaching, research and service and Lincoln University, known as the oldest historically black university founded in 1854 (thurgoodmarshallfund.net). The Historically Black Colleges and Universities boast of quality education that made way for a lot of African Americans and other cultures uniform to succeed in the educational arena not only for undergraduates but also for graduate studies. It is claimed that night club out of ten of those who earn doctoral degrees are from HBCUs. Moreover, the HBCUs also boast about the high contribut ion of practicing professionals to be their graduates and African American Medical school applicants from HBCUs to have outnumbered the applicants from Johns Hopkins, Harvard and the University of Maryland, combined (thinkhbcu.org). Among others that make HBCUs proud about their achievements are the significant number of their African American degree holders and doctorate degrees awarded for communications. HBCUs also boast that they are excellent institutions falling in line with the transcend ten colleges and universities for African American, even placing in the top six

Inclusion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Inclusion syllabus - Essay ExampleMany view this as a step towards the right direction as this has influenced the physically challenged to compete with those that be fit for opportunities in society, which is a move from the conventional discrimination. With this, the establishment of an inclusive plan that helps in the successive integration of persons with disabilities into an ordinary class has become the focus of many institutions, do them to be reputable organizations. In this regard, this essay will design an inclusion plan for a sister with autism, in which its development will be in line with the suggestions made by those with autism, their families, caregivers, the public and the different interested partners in the community.Autism is a brain development overturn that develops in children before they attain the historic period of three characterized by challenges in social interaction, repetitive behavior and non-verbal communication. Autism is one of the disorders u nder the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosing as in the past experts treated them as distinct subtypes. The other(a) disorders that form the ASD umbrella are Aspergers Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Syndrome, not otherwise specified. Asperger syndrome abbreviated as AS is a causation under the Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) umbrella that influences immense social interaction difficulties and non-verbal communication with those change by the condition exhibiting repetitive behavioral patterns. AS is a contrary condition as compared to the other Pervasive developmental disorders as because of there is the retention of cognitive development and those with this condition also cite their linguistic. In terms of costs, a household that has an autistic child spends at least sixty gram dollars on a yearly basis in relation to the management and education of this childhood disorder in special

Breaking the Cultural Barrier to Medicine Essay

Breaking the heathen Barrier to Medicine - Essay ExampleAs a compliment to that effort, we need to address our reconcile grants to achieve that goal. Our higher educational institutions need to address this problem by establishing new educational programs, increase cultural competence, and recruiting for diversity.wellness c are cultural competency begins with talk. Communication is more than simply knowing the language. Health seeking behaviors are affected by cultural mores and University cultural educational programs should focus on getting skills that can elicit the patients response and define the illness and treatment within their social context (Kirpalani et al. 2006 p.1116). This should excessively be applied to patients who rush limited literacy as these patients usually have less sensory faculty of complaint management (Frist 2005 p.447). A grant to establish a head for the hills computer program in diversity communication is a necessary first step to reducing the disparity in the health of our citizens. These skills moderate the patients elaboration in medical decisions and treatment.Communication is more than simply learning the language and the medical terminology. Communication essential be culture based. University educational programs that address cultural sensitivity to assure that the handlegiver is adequately communication within the patients cultural context are imperative. Grants are required to establish a curriculum that would advert the attitudes that ethnic populations may have in respect to illness, medicine, and surgery. Failure to understand the cultural context of nonage medicine can result in a perception of insensitivity. A patient who feels like they are being treated unfairly will be less prone to seek treatment. A course in cultural communication could alleviate many communication problems.Grants should also be directed towards diseases that have been identified as minority prevalent. The addition of a Universit y course relating the strategies patterned to reduce risk among minority populations is needed. Cardiovascular disease in the Arabic and Farsi speaking communities and Sickle-cell disease among African-Americans are two examples. Because studies have indicated that genetic science are involved in some health related issues between racial and ethnic groups, train that focuses on recognition of the problem is essential (McBride 2005 p. 181). By recognizing ethnic trends in disease prevalence, caregivers can design programs for early intervention and develop appropriate pharmaceutical requirements. Medical school should also include knowledge on the appropriate handling of the issue of shoemakers last and dying within different cultures. Knowing the habit of privacy and the perception of bad news can prolong patient survival. According to Misra-Hebert (2003), People in many cultures believe that informing the patient of a terminal diagnosis may hasten death (p.298). A cultural sen sitivity to this issue would also include an awareness of the cultural issues that surround the care of the dying as well as the expression of grief. University medical schools require grants to initiate a curriculum that addresses death and dying in diverse cultures. Adequate cultural competency would necessitate the inclusion of the awareness of this issue. State grants should also

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Annotated Bibliography - Essay ExampleThis is a secondary source. This concur nervous strained that parenting style affects childrens emotional and social development. It explored different parenting styles. Using several studies, it showed that authoritative parenting is good in raising children with positive attitudes and prosocial behaviors. Bernstein (2011) noted the limitations of these studies, including their inability to find cause-and-effect connections and they did not sufficiently include the soulfulness traits of children in their research designs. He emphasized that the fit between parenting style and childrens individual traits impart determine the most prospering parenting style.Bornstein, M.H., and Zlotnik, D. (2009). Parenting styles and their effects. In J.B. Benson (Ed.), Social and emotional development in infancy and proterozoic childhood (pp.280-293). California Academic Press.This is a secondary source. This chapter reviewed parenting styles and their ou tcomes on childrens development. It discussed the causes of parenting styles. It showed that authoritative parenting is the most successful parenting style in raising socially responsible and successful children, at least among European American children. This chapter explained the particular characteristics of authoritative parenting that improved the outcomes for children, where the main point is that these parents are more equipped to manage stress and to discipline their children.Evans, W. (2012, April 1). Authoritative parenting is best for young adults, studies say. Deseret News. Retrieved from http//www.deseretnews.com/article/765565085/Authoritative-parenting-is-best-for-young-adults-studies-say.html?pg=allThis is a secondary source. It summarized the findings of a culture from Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Findings showed that authoritative parenting is best for adolescents because the latter want some space to exert their free will and to conciliate decisions on their own. Chil dren from permissive and authoritarian

Are Black Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the Education Dissertation - 1

Are disgraceful Afro Caribbean boys underachieving within the education system that ar born in the UK - Dissertation ExampleHowever, it is also important to understand that conquest is about fortune. In the case of Black Afro Caribbean boys, the opportunity for them may also rely on the take aim of encouragement given to them for success. These children are mostly encouraged to weakenicipate in sports, dance or music, notwithstanding not on professions such(prenominal) as in line with politics and law. The sole purpose is to execute them situation models in arts and entertainment (BBC News, 2011). Thus, these children are given less substantial background on politics and law but they are rather given much exposure in areas such as sports, dance or music. Certainly, there are different perceptions or ideas about achieving and under achieving. In short, the perception about success may vary. This means that Black Afro Caribbean boys can become successful when it comes to the opportunity given to them but not on areas where they are not given much exposure or encouragement. Prior to the understanding of underachieving among Black Afro Caribbean boys within the UKs education system, it is important to understand the derivation of realisation of achievement. Achievement in the academe is given greater weight in the measurement of ones level of attainment in life. Education particularly in the UK is given with great importance. That is why execute better in the academe has become a good measure of ones success. in that respect is only secondary evaluation given to areas which pertain to talents and skills. In line with this, Black Afro Caribbean boys are commonly secluded from academic evaluation due to the fact that they are much exposed to sports, dance, music and former(a) skill and talent related areas. However, the issue of racial discrimination especially among teachers on black Caribbean pupils exists in the education system (Thomas et al., 2009 ). In this way, the entire evaluation system may not be having comme il faut solid foundation for concise evaluative process. Thus, more relevant bases are necessary in cabaret to find out how exactly black Caribbean pupils are performing in school. Objectives It is in line with this that the advocate of this paper tries to evaluate and find out if Black Afro Caribbean boys are really underachieving in the academe provided that they are much exposed to sports, dance, and music and even susceptible to racial discrimination. On the other hand, it is also part of this paper to define what exactly are the bases or standards used in evaluating under achievement among Black Afro Caribbean boys. The proponent will particularly answer the following questions at the end of the study. 1. What are the reasons why children perform in education? 2. Are black Afro Caribbean boys especially under achieving within the education system in the UK? 3. What are the reasons and effects of different education system in the UK on black afro Caribbeans boys lerning? 4. What are the prevailing perception and acknowledgement of achieving and under achieving? 5. How and where does the acknowledgement of achievement derive? 6. Do black afro Caribbean boys hire the same opportunities or expectations to achieve? 7. Are black afro Caribbean boys affected by the lack of male role models? 8. Do teachers have low expectations of social groups such as looked after children, asylum seekers, single raise families and the disabled etc? Methodology The proponent in general would therefore investigate the reasons why

Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Topic - Essay ExampleThe paradigm foot be categorized into two functional parts information retrieval and information dissemination or exposure. CCN directly routes and delivers pieces of mental object at the packet level of the network, allowing automatic and application-neutral caching in memory wherever find in the network (Karl, and Andreas 331). This yields to effectual and effective delivery of means when required. Given that the architecture allows caching effects as an automatic consequence of packet delivery, memory can be utilized without building costly application-level caching services. why do we need content-centric networking (CCN)? CCNs security model centers on explicitly securing the content itself rather than endpoints, whereby packets locomotion across the network content can be safeguarded against from alteration, damage, or snooping from unauthorized parties. Name data networking or content-centric networking re applys an alternative approach to the archite cture of computer networks. CCN draws from the principle that a communication network ought to allow a user to focus on the data that one needs instead of having to reference an explicit, physical view where the data is to be retrieved (Wang, Chen, Zhou, and Qin 93). The modern internet architecture centers on a host-based conversation model generated to enable geographically distributed users to utilize a number of epochal, immobile computers. The content-centric networking pursues to adapt the network architecture to match the present network usage patterns. Content-centric networking presents a broad range of benefits such as content caching to minimize over-crowding and enhance delivery speed. CCN also allows simpler configuration of network devices, besides building security into the network at the data level nevertheless, the change of communication paradigm may present challenges for network activities such as real-time multimedia applications (Karl, and Andreas 332). Rece nt research has demonstrated that such applications may be feasible. Moreover, building content routers that back content-centric networking at high speed remains an open problem to crack. How it works Application-layer designs forms the basis of content-centric interface. This presents benefits such as easier deployment, improved flexible delivery, and effortless backwards compatibility. The present internet establishment features a manoeuver of physical equipment to link streams of packets from any leaf to another. The present system can be regarded as efficient for communication, but not for distribution. The overall proposal of content-specific networking appreciates that a significant amount of information produced once, and then iterate numerous times. Hence, it is sensible to distribute the copying of any correlated activities into the networks tree of equipment. In most of the instances, significant storage exist, and could be utilized more efficiently in the event that it could recognize certain content and only remain with one copy of it. The structure of the network equipment (tree shape) scales content delivery to match the surface of the audience and minimize up-stream equipment to the minimum required to generate the content. CCN utilizes a practical data storage roll up at every level of the network, which in turn, dramatically minimizes the transmission traffic,

Role of the Early Years Worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

graphic symbol of the Early Years Worker - Essay ExampleIn recent years there has been an increase in the reporting of child cry out. (Susan Creighton, Understanding baby bird ill-use, page 7) If a child, is abused in any way, whether physically, emotionally or sexually, then it has a very great impact on the rest of the childs life, as he moves into adolescence, and then after into adulthood. According to Helga Hanks and Peter Stratton, they consider children as active and self conscious actors rather than passive recipients of abuse. (Hanks, Stratton, Chap. 5, page 8) Those children who have become victims of it are affected not only physically but in any case mentally and psychologically.Neglect of Child Abuse is one of the main causes of death in young children in the UK, with parents and relatives cosmos responsible for three quarters of the deaths. (Central Statistical Office, 1994) This results in these children being mentally scarred for life.The Government Role in Chi ld AbuseThe Government plays a major role in dealing with Child Abuse by brining out new policies safe guarding both children and adolescents and making out new strategies help them to cope with the problems facing them. The Government is determined to make the world a better and a safer belongings for children, especially those children who are vulnerable. The cabinet has come out with what is called Green Paper for the Children at Risk. (The Children do Report, 2002) This Report is based on the latest research and findings, with information from statistical returns.

Factors Contributed to the Great Famine in Ireland Research Paper

Factors Contributed to the Great Famine in Ireland - Research cover ExampleThe political, social and economic reasons for the famine have long been the subject of historical discussion and debate. The fact that from 1801, under the Act of Union, Ireland was governed as part of the United Kingdom, with executive power in the hands of British officials, is a damning reality and one that casts primary blame for this historically horrific event squarely on Britain. The role of in the tragedy cannot be denied....That an island which is said to be (following quote from the Act of Union, tell in the Continental Congress of America Address from its inclusion in Mitchels The Last conquest of Ireland )an integral part of the richest pudding stone on the globeand the most fertile portion of that empirewith British Constitution, Habeas Corpus, Members of Parliament, and Trial by Juryshould in five years lose two and a one-half millions of its people (more than one-fourth) by hunger, and fe ver the consequence of hunger, and flight beyond sea to escape from hunger,while that empire (Britain) of which it is said to be a part, was all the while advancing in wealth, prosperity, and comfort, at a instantaneous pace than ever before ,is a matter that seems to ask elucidation.2Elucidation of the subject comes to a immense degree from John Mitchel, political writer and Irish patriot whose The Last Conquest of Ireland provides valuable and big information to support the thesis that Britain, while not entirely responsible for the causes that created the famine, was largely responsible for the extent to which the Great Famine, as it is called, devastated the country. Other primary and secondary resources support the information covering the two major(ip) elements involving the British government that contributes powerful and devastating evidence of British nonchalance in the face of the tragedy, secret approval with powerful entities.

The Culture Effects in Women Performance at the Public Agencies in Research Proposal

The Culture Effects in Women Performance at the Public Agencies in Saudi Arabia - look Proposal ExampleThe rulers enforce the Islamic law in handling the states executive, administrative and judicial functions. The countrys most significant natural resource is oil and the main telephone circuit areas are oil refinery, jewels etc. Development plans and policies are based on the Islamic values. Background of the dissect All Saudi Arabians are Muslims and some are included in a minority of Shia. They are following Handbali School of Islamic law. The women may non have any rights like men in the ships company. They have limitations to enter in to the society. They are not allowed to drive and without permission of male guardian (Muharam) they go forth not travel abroad. Women are employed in girls schools and the womens sections of universities, social work and development programs for women, banks that cater to female person clients, medicine and nursing for women, television and radio programming, and computer and library work. Sections of markets are set aside for women sellers. However, precisely about 7 percent of Saudi Arabias formal workforce is female (Saudi Arabia, 2011). The separation is considered as the instrument for knowledgeable modesty. Their status is high in the family, in their role like mother or sister. A significant number of women are succeeding in academic, business, literary production etc, even when facing restrictions to humans. This is because of the gaining popularity of womens literature than earlier times.... The social and cultural rights of Saudi females are circumscribed by the values of sexual segregation that leads to restrain or limit their activity. Working in Saudi Arabia is a challenging factor, peculiarly for women. Saudi Arabian culture and values are different it is highly oriented with Islamic religion. Their dresses as well as express religious piety. It must not be very fit for body and it must not attract any attentions. Like a womans clothing, a womans role in Saudi Arabia culture is mostly dictated by the prevailing religious beliefs. Unlike in the West, where a womans equal partnership with her conserve is at least given lip service, a Saudi marriage is often arranged (A Womens Perspective on Saudi Arabia Culture, 1995). Aim and Objectives 1) To identify the various cultural barriers faced by the women in performing the public agencies in Saudi Arabia. 2) To identify the how the cultural values of Saudi Arabia affect the surgery of women in public agencies? 3) To identify the various problems faced by the women in Saudi Arabia. Significance of subscribe Saudi Arabian women are facing a big challenge to perform in public agencies. They feel like tied in the home. They do not have permission to enter in to the society or to be active in any economical or political field. The conventional culture and law make them feel bad for themselves. Western countries are giving high good will to womens opinion and participation. They do not face any restraints in entering in to the society and can travel at night also. They are self-sufficient and work in high positions in various organizations. Saudi women, also, have the urge to become independent and self-sufficient and they yearn for those things. But there are

Identity, belief and contrast between deontological and teleological Essay

Identity, belief and contrast betwixt deontological and teleological honest systems - Essay ExampleTeleology, on the other hand is the philosophical study of design, purpose, leading principle, or finality in nature or human creations. Teleology traditionally is contrasted with philosophical naturalism, which views nature as lacking design or purpose. Two classic examples of these opposing views are found in Aristotle and Lucretius, the designer as a supporter of teleology and the latter as a supporter of what is now called philosophical naturalism. unconnected from these two ideals there are the seven major ethical systems that are regarded as the most ethical of the ethical systems. These are Relativism, Kants Categorical Imperative, Utilitarianism, Commandments of God, The Childrens Ethics, Darwinian Ethics and Rousseau and Nietzsches idea of will and ideal.Relativism is the ethic of no ethics. It is considered great in educational circles to make studies, especially of contr oversial topics, value-free. Whereas, Kants Categorical Imperative says that to behave ethically, you must bet so as to be happy for your actions to be examples of general laws. Similarly, Utilitarianism represents all ethical theories where the goal is maximization of some measure of goodness.

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Essay

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation - Essay role modelIt is ofttimes to the favor of Wine Selling Place to choose this particular region of the demesne repayable to the limited business restrictions here and to ensure that the organization nookie expand or improve scattering with limited goernmental regulation and influence.There are over 60 million potential customers in Italy, a nation that is well-known for its diverse tastes and preference for wine as a household beverage. The country is currently experiencing a 1.3 percent ontogeny rate in GDP, suggesting that this particular nation in atomic number 63 has overcome some of the economic troubles currently plaguing many European nations. Inflation is a moderate 1.6 percent, much lower than many other industrialized nations. This provides opportunities to cater the business wine products to those with moderate household incomes that can afford high quality or even lower cost wine without concern over lack of disp osable income due to increasing economic restraints related to inflationary environments.As with most companies, the showtime method of procuring pay is to assess the viability of banking loans. Italy maintains many different banks that are regulated by EU finance ministers and those that have well-respected international reputations (i.e. Barclays, etc). Financing can be achieved through the production of a detailed, well-researched business devise and then presented to banking representatives for approval based on credit worthiness and future strategic business planning.excess funding sources include the local Chamber of Commerce, financial institutions associated with the European Union, reimbursable grants from various agencies designed to foster growth in small businesses, and even subsidies. Seeing that Italy is highly involved with the World Trade Organization and withal promotes small business growth through

Of what use are management ideas and concepts in the practice of Coursework

Of what use are management ideas and concepts in the behave of management - Coursework ExampleHenri Fayol described his 14 principles of management that, when used in conjunction with other principles, make an effective team and develop a strong charabanc. Fayols 11th principle, uprightness, determines how to best motivate employees, creating achromasia whilst blending authority and kindness. Equity is often determined by the justness of rewards, ensuring that all high-performing employees receive bear on opportunities for additional remuneration or other appropriate rewards. Equity is important as a manager in the real-world line of merchandise environment as it provides employees with a sense of affiliation. This is linked with Fayols 13th principle, initiative, that provides more autonomous working environments and opportunities to express employee innovations as become active in the decision-making process. Motivational theories indicate that employees mustiness receive esteem and recognition from others in the organisation. Affiliation establishes perceptions of prestige, control and self-esteem (Gambrel and Cianci). Wal-Mart, a major multi-national retailer, recognises the grandness of Fayols guidelines for management, providing employees with stock options, incentive bonuses and even profit sharing as a means to cook commitment, ownership and equity. Wal-Mart is world-renowned for its high-commitment employees that are team-focused and therefore able to carry out strategic goals. These remuneration packages provide equity by establishing rewards for all employees throughout the organisation and inspires a sense of affiliation as valued contributors to the business model. Fayols theories, especially equity and initiative, are important concepts in the real-world. Managers establish strategic goals that determine the rising position of the organisation related to profit, competitive advantage or other elements related to its market position. Mul ti-national companies, especially, petition team-focused employees in order to fall upon these goals. According to Reis and Pena (2008, p.674), If the business is still using vertical hierarchies instead of autonomous teams, truly empowered to make changes, it is not ready for change. This means that there will in all probability be resistance to change from different employees if the manager does not provide initiative in his or her efforts whilst promoting a sense of equity that there will be balanced rewards for achievement for all employees. Fayols concepts are highly relevant as the business will not be able to achieve without employee cooperation when teamwork is required to create new strategies and innovations. Mintzberg is another management guru who has established multiple theories of management that are sheer in design. Mintzberg describes ten different management roles required to establish a successful management system, these existence informational, interperson al and decisional (LMC, 2008). Of most relevance is the interpersonal dynamic of the manager who takes on the role of a leader, or one who inspires others rather than establishing routine control systems to gain productivity and motivation. The difference between managers and leaders is in their approach to establishing interpersonal relationships. For example, a

Flat Tax in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Flat Tax in UK - Essay ExampleCentral government, however, generates its revenues mainly from income valuate, subject area insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty.Definition A prostrate tax, also called a proportional tax, is a musical arrangement that taxes all entities in a class (typically either citizens or corporations) at the same rate (as a proportion of income), as opposed to a graduated, or progressive, scheme. The term flat tax is most often discussed in the context of income taxes.(Expert Report 2005)At first confined to schoolman conversation and a few small islands, the flat tax has lately been introduced in numerous of the ex-communist countries of warmheartedness Europe, counting latest members of the European Union. Additionally, Poland has announced its intention to adopt a flat tax system. As a result far none of the old EU nations has taken this step, though Ireland is introducing a flat tax for companies (Feldstein).Hypothetic ally we could calculate an average rate of tax under(a) the current multi-rate system, and charge everyone this rate under the flat tax. Though this would consequence in taxpayers (mainly the lower earners) paying more tax. In practice so most flat tax systems propose a single rate approximately the similar as, or lower than, the existing standard rate. This means that no-one will pay additional tax on the passing to a flat tax.Remove most tax requitals and deductionsOne of the advantages of the flat rate is its minimalism, in that taxpayers and collectors scarce have to use one rate of tax in their calculations. This straightforwardness is usually extended by removing mainly of the exact tax deductions surrounded by the accessible system that try to give earnings for exact circumstances or incentives for exacting activities. In part this removal of allowances is sensible since once a single low flat rate is introduced they turn out to be less important (HM Treasury, 2003).great ly increased personal allowanceThe individual allowance is the basic amount that every taxpayer is allowed to earn innocuous of tax. The majority flat tax proposals engage an important augment in this amount, first and foremost to stigma sure that all low earners are better off under the flat tax system (in lots of cases by being taken out of the tax net in total), even subsequent abolishing a lot of the precise allowances (Richard Teather).Apparently a flat tax will decrease the largely tax take, at least originally, unless it is set at the present average rate (in which case a lot of taxpayers would pay additional under the reforms than they do at present). Certainly raising the individual allowance considerably will also result in a substantial loss of tax revenue. simply how muchThe majority people

Put the best subject you fell its good Research Paper

Put the trump out subject you fell its good - Research Paper ExampleTimur bringed to descent from the family of Ghengis Khan towards the 14th coulombs end. Benefiting from the chaos in Mongol Transoxania, he laid the foundations of a kingdom in interchange Asia. Timur entered Iran in the year 1380 and afterward taking Baghdad, reduced the power and domination of the Jalayirids in 1393 (Ghasemi, 2015). He captured Bayezid, the comfort Sultan, at Ankara in 1402 and after conquering Syria, shifted his focus towards the capaigns to the east of the empire which was in its nascent stages. Timur passed away on an expedition to China in 1405 (Ghasemi, 2015). He had deep interested in the Moslem mysticism known as Sufism. Timurs legacy destabilized Iran and his ill-assimilated conquests were divided between his sons in such a way that it was impossible to achieve an integrated and strong Timurid Empire. Timurid state evolved into an integrated Iranian Empire during the die hard of Sha hrokh Shah, Timurs son. Shahrokh Shah made Herat the home of Persian philosophy and poetry revival that was linked with an effort to claim the leadership in Sunni ideologys propagation for an Iranian center. Western Iran was dominated by Turkman after they had replaced the Jalayirids in Azerbaijan.The Safavids were a militant Islamic Sufi order that came from among the Turkish speaking people at Ardabil. Table 1 shows the Safavid Kings from 1502-1736. In the late 13th century, the Safavids survived Timurs invasion in the west of the Caspian Sea. The Safavids had adoptive Shiism by 1500 and were all set to use military means to advance Shiism. In 1502, Esmail, beau Heydars son, defeated the ruler of Azerbaijans army and seized Tabriz and at 15 years old, Esmail was say the Shah (Ghasemi, 2015). His descendants were Shah Tahmasp I, Shah Esmail II, and Shah Mohammad, each of whom expanded the Empire as far as Transoxiana. The control of Safavid Shahs everywhere Iran

The design of an automated external defibrillator Essay

The design of an automated external defibrillator - Essay ExampleAs such, this paper seeks to play up the defibrillator in relation to the history, functional components and human engineering considerations. Defibrillators join Kingdom is faced with health crisis with the spunky incidences of heart attacks among its citizens. These indices are reportedly some of the highest in the world with cardiovascular diseases causing more deaths every year than any other disease or condition. It is estimated that of the 150,000 people who have heart attacks annually, 94,000 of them die owing to non-homogeneous variables (Handler and Coghlan 2008). Research indicates that over one million people over the age of 35 in the United Kingdom have suffered a heart attack, and a third of these victim die before get to the hospital. The scale of the burden is felt in the economy with escalating costs of health care as indicated by the billions spent annually by the UK government on cardiovascular d iseases (Handler and Coghlan 2008). The relatively high incidences of heart attacks in UK are of great concern to health care professionals and other stakeholders, which have seen them, consolidate their efforts in enunciate to reduce the effects. Stakeholders such as medical exam engineers and manufacturers team up with healthcare professionals in an effort to sixth sense on the possible solutions in line with technological advances. This front has seen the successful adoption and incorporation of engineering in healthcare facilities in form of medical devices. According to the European Union definition, a medical device is an apparatus or instrument that is designed for preventative, diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes and its purpose is not achieved by means of pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means (Krutmann 2011). Similarly, the mode of action of medical devices is not by dint of chemical substance action in a patients body, although may be assisted in its functions through such means. As such, it is essential that medical devices exceed the threshold under the European Union regulations, which cover for detailed records of the products, designing and construction is limited to qualified personnel, and comprehensive risk assessment should be through (Jacobson and Murray 2007). The key function of a medical device can be illustrated from scientific information quoted by the manufacturer in line with functional principle and the manufacturers labelling. Medical devices vary in their capacity and level of sophistication ranging from tongue depressors to haemodialysis equipment. Owing to the role played by medical devices in the provision of healthcare services, it is critical that appropriate guidelines and regulations are adhered to (Kramer, Xu and Kesselheim, 2012). It is for this reason that biomedical engineering move in to fill embark on the key aspects of medical devices that involve initial designing, system summary and practical application to ensure quality and efficient products. Among the medical devices are defibrillators, which play a critical role in the relieving heart attacks in areas away from medical facilities. This paper seeks to highlight defibrillators as a medical device while focussing on their history, scope of application and safety aspects of the device with require to human factors engineering. Fibrillation is characterised by accelerated and irregular contraction of heart muscle fibres, which is attributed to a deranged galvanizing activity of the heart. Fibrillation

Analysing a web page written in the style of a memorandum Essay - 1

Analysing a meshing page written in the style of a memorandum - Essay Example7. The website requires a plugin to be installed into the users computer in order to access some of its content. This may not diet well with some users who are keen to protect their computers from malicious programs. Some will opt to have the website rather than risk the safety of their computers by downloading unfamiliar plug-ins.The website has the potential of capturing the attention of new visitors. However, to achieve this, it requires a complete makeover. To start with, the links found on the homepage all need to be followed through in order to make sure that they lead a user to a new page. The main reason for doing this lies in the fact that some users may be discouraged from going further if the links tin cannot function. It may make a visitor assume that the website in general does not function. It actually came as a surprise to me that you can login and find that the website has content. Othe r new users may not have the time, patience or the adventurous nature which may lead them to discovering other parts of the website that happen to be operational.Another confidential information of concern revolves around the calls of all the pages. When logged in and with most of the content available, the title of most pages happens to be the same. This suspicion the seriousness behind the website and the level of professionalism involved. Every page of the website accessed by the user should have a title coinciding with the topic. For example, if a user clicks on a link called Blog, the user should be tell to a page that has blogs with the title Blog. In a case whereby a user can be using different tabs and the main tab happens to be other than the one accessing pages in this website, a lot of misinformation can occur. The main reason for making this statement lies in the fact that when the page accessing this website loads, the gentle bar will read Site Error or

Inderstanding Consumer Behaviour Towards Luxury Products Essay Example for Free

Inderstanding Consumer deportment Towards luxuriousness Products Es putStudying consumer behaviour enables market researchers to prognosticate how consumers pull up stakes react to promotional messages and to guess why they make the acquire decision they do. vendors touchableized that if they engage a go at it more astir(predicate) the consumer decision making criteria, they elicit design trade st identifygies and promotional messages that will knead consumers more effectively. The importance of consumer behaviour make sellers to commend of a separate branch in marketing research Consumer research, to deal scoop shovelly for consumer related issues.The current focus of this report is on study of fundamental take and motives in taking acquire decisions, consumer learning process and attitude formation process. The study has been initiated for bon ton Mahindra Holidays. The purpose of this study is to analyze consumer cognitions of talllife motorcarre iv s and the factors that submit his leveraging decisions. The objective is to meet consumer behaviour towards lavishness products and the steps followed while purchasing it.To achieve the above objectives, we first look at how opulence graves atomic number 18 different from regular goods and then go on to explore hardly a(prenominal) facets and trends of the extravagance goods as salutary as their market and consumers. We will understand the definition of extravagance products through inessential research. Post supplementary research we will develop few hypotheses which will conk out us the direction for our next step ie soft explore. We will use interview method in qualitative research which will give an insight into the brain of the consumers and their purchase steps tortuous and then follow it up with numeric research ( subject ara method).Through this we will quantify our findings for the Indian prodigality consumer and their vitiateing behaviour. We will analyze the factors that exercise the consumers in stealing the luxury products. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, merc authoriseising Page 4 perceptiveness Consumer behavior towards prodigality Products inquiry Abstract Scope This throw away is a part of a job assigned to the planning department. This project is an initiative taken to understand the behaviour of consumers towards luxury products. Purchase of a luxury product exacts draw of planning and research before taking all decision.There ar number of factors that affect an various(prenominal)?s decision making process as well as his choice approximately the product. These factors argon different for different types of luxury product. A research into these aspects will give us an insight into the mindset of the consumer and will help to study the consumer better. Method Primary research was do in two steps. ? qualitative Research Depth Interview Method ? duodecimal Research sight Method 1) Qualitative Research For q ualitative research, few high income mountain were asked bluff ended questions which were hypothecate based on the secondary research and in line with the hypothesis.Depth interview of 10 great deal were taken which gave an insight into their purchase behavior and their decision making process for a luxury good. base on this interviews and a set ahead review of the secondary research reports, a final survey questionnaire was lively. 2) Quantitative Research For quantitative research, after making the initial questionnaire it was pretested with 5 participants and was improvised. The final sample was 30 with tar remove sort organism A and A+ socio-economic class people.In June 2009, the survey was conducted to observe the behavior prescript of consumers in buying luxury products. This allowed us to find out about the behaviour of the consumer towards luxury products across various income groups. Also we asked them about what all factors Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, trade Page 5 dread Consumer behavior towards luxuriousness Products influence them to buy such(prenominal) products and which brand of products do they feel be luxurious. We also understood the price range that they feel makes the product luxurious.Thus in future while designing any interactive campaign the output of this survey would be of gr ingest use for positioning the product as a luxury product. Also most secondary data was mined regarding what exactly influences an individual? s decision. Conclusion Luxury products are high pursuit products which require high opinion and are defined by their exclusivity and brand. They are largely bought as a symbol of status. People build high perceptional attachment with luxury products and are mostly influenced by their family members in decision making as most of the products are bought for family use.These products are also use as a means to gift their closed ones. Endorsing a contain star or enjoyment soulality does non affect the im age of a luxury product to a great extent. Luxury products give a belief of pride and most of the purchase decision making is influenced by family members particularly spouse. This entire initiative was one of its kinds and will help the INTERFACE COMMUNICATION to design its campaigns for Club Mahindra Holidays in a way to advertise them as a luxury club. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, merchandising Page 6.Understanding Consumer demeanor towards Luxury Products Acknowledgement I would like to give my sincere thanks to my Industry Project impart Mr. Nilesh Talreja, Senior Executive, Strategic Planning, port Communications and Ms. Nahid Elavia, Account Planner, Strategic Planning for their kind support and counsel during my project and also for providing me with a great opportunity to formulate with such a valuable organization. I would also like to thank Mrs. Shamla Sathe, Account Planning Head for giving me this great opportunity to work with Account Planning Department.It is her visionary thinking, which has been the guiding force for whole of the division and my report. I would also like to thank Mr. Amit Dhokai, my colleague, who has provided me with the necessary education and his valuable showion and comments on bringing out this project in the best possible way. I would also like to thank all the faculties at SIMSR who direct helped me straight or indirectly in the completion of this project. I thank port Communications (A part of gulp FCB+Ulka) for such a valuable learning experience.Thank you Jitesh A Sanghvi MMS 137 (2008-2010) K. J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies Research Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 7 Understanding Consumer behaviour towards Luxury Products Sr. No. 1 2 2. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Company Overview Secondary Research Luxury Products Getting to know luxury 2. 2 2. 3 Difference betwixt regular luxury goods Consumer Behavior What is Consumer Buying doings 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 Stages of Consumer Buying behaviour Ty pes of Consumer Buying Behaviour Consumer affaire Causes of Consumer pursuit 2. 7 3 4 4. 1 4.2 5 6 Models of Consumer Involvement Research Method Primary Research Qualitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis Recommendations Appendix 23 26 28 30 35 59 60 17 19 21 15 16 Page No. 9 12 14 Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 8 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products LIST OF FIGURES CHARTS Sr. No 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Particulars Difference between regular and Luxury goods Stages of Consumer Buying Behavior Consumer Involvement Page No. 15 18 20 Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 9 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products COMPANY OVERVIEW.Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 10 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products About port Communications History Interface Communications is the second agency of the draught FCB Ulka group. The Draft FCB Ulka group has a 125 year heritage of pioneering concepts which define advertising and a 40 year heritage in India. Interface has grown from a single office to 5 offices in India and is one of the 1st few Indian agencies to boast of a pan Asia network. We are a team of 115 professionals across Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Kolkata and Mumbai.Interface is the first Indian agency brand that has gone beyond India. Interface has opened offices in Malaysia, Hong Kong, China. In 2003 we launched operations in Taiwan, Singapore. Work with some of the best known brands in each country. Business Interface is a second agency that is created to handle large scale clients. We work with some of the biggest brands across sectors from FMCG to auto prompts, from real estate to finance companies, from consumer durables to holidays and many more. Majority of our clients are industry lenders and we are imperial to be their strategic partners.Our clients have stuck by us as we are a process control company. We have our share of global proprietary tools to provide a strategic edge to the clien ts we work with. any(prenominal) of the more often utilise tools allow ? ? ? Mind and Mood and Moments The Wheel VIP and ICON Inspite of being process driven we are still a very people oriented organization. Our teams work unneurotic like a family and on that point is at all eras a casual and jovial Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 11 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products.work environment maintained. We believe in an open door policy where any employee clear express himself/ herself freely. As an organization we believe in uninterrupted learning and thus stress on instruction and development at all times. The Draft FCB Ulka group is one of the only advertising agencies in India to run a 2 month long training program for fresh recruits. This program called The Star One training is a rigorous training account for the future advertising biggies. This program is an annual feature and has been going strong for more than a decade.Draft FCB Ulka and In terface are some of the few agencies to have a very low attrition rate and most of the senior level management have been with the company on an average for more than 15 years which is a long time in advertising which sees constant churn. We at Interface represent the set we believe in and for us our mantra is We provide strategic communications partnership to our clients to help make out their brands today, and build brand value over time Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 12 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Secondary Research on luxury products Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing.Page 13 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Secondary Research Luxury Products Getting to know luxury Luxury brands have often been associated with the gist competences of creativity, exclusivity, craftsmanship, precision, high quality, innovation and premium pricing. These product attri entirelyes give the consumers the pleasure of not only owning expensive items but the extra-added psychological benefits like esteem, prestige and a sense of a high status that reminds them and others that they belong to an exclusive group of only a select few, who can afford these pricey items.The luxury sector shows its products and work at consumers on the top-end of the wealth spectrum. These self-selected elite are more or less price insensible and choose to spend their time and money on objects that are plainly opulence rather than necessities. For these moderatenesss, luxury and prestige brands have for centuries bided an unwavering and often illogical customer loyalty. Luxury has never been something easy to define, nonetheless this enigma concept is something extremely desired by one and all alike.We look at delving deeper into this mystery and aura of luxury goods by way of comparing them against regular goods? as well as set off the characteristics of the luxury industry. But before beginning with that, lets first attempt t o understand some common basis associated in the world of high-end goods ? Luxury and prestige brands such as Rolex, Louis Vuitton and simple machinetier represent the highest form of craftsmanship and command a staunch consumer loyalty that is not affected by trends. These brands create and set the seasonal trends and are also capable to pulling all of their consumers with them wherever they go.? Premium brands are those brands like Polo Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger that aspire to be luxury and prestige brands but their marketing mix strategies are more attuned to a mass market, albeit a luxury mass market. They are also termed as mass-premium brands or mass-luxury brands. ? Fashion brands on the other hand are those that address the masses. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 14 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Difference between regular luxury goods Fig 1. 1 Differences between Regular and Luxury Goods Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Ma rketing Page 15.Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Consumer Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour Buying Behaviour is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products. Consumer Buying Behaviour refers to the buying behaviour of the ultimate consumer. A firm needs to analyze buying behaviour for ? Buyers reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firms success. ? The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies (gives utility to) customers, thereof need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy.Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 16 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Stages of Consumer Buying Behaviour Fig 1. 2 Stages of Consumer Buying Behaviour The above figure shows Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision physical process (For complex decisions). Actual purchasing is only one leg of the process. Not all decision proces ses lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of complexity discussed next. The 6 stages are 1. Problem Recognition ( sentiency of need)difference between the desired state and the legitimate condition.Deficit in assortment of products. Hunger-Food. Hunger stimulates your need to eat. give the sack be stimulated by the marketer through product selective informationdid not know you were deficient? i. e. you see a commercial for a newly pair of shoes, stimulates your recognition that you need a new pair of shoes. 2. Information search-o Internal search, memory. Page 17 Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products o External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of mouth). Marketer dominated sources comparison shop public sources and so forthA successful information search leaves a emptor with possible alternatives, the evoked set. Hungry, want to go out and eat, evoked set is o o o o Chinese food Indian food Burger king Klondike kates and so on3. Evaluation of Alternativesneed to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide that you want to eat something spicy, Indian gets highest rank etc. If not satisfied with your choice then returns to the search phase. Can you think of another restaurant? Look in the yellow pages etc.Information from different sources may be treated differently. Marketers try to influence by framing alternatives. 4. Purchase decisionChoose buying alternative, includes product, package, instal, method of purchase etc. 5. PurchaseMay differ from decision, time lapse between 4 5, product availability. 6. Post-Purchase Evaluationoutcome Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties, after sales communication etc. After eating an Indian rep ast, you may think that you really wanted a Chinese meal instead.Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 18 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Types of Consumer Buying Behaviour There are four types of consumer buying behaviour which are as follows ? Routine Response/Programmed Behaviourbuying low involvement a great deal purchased low cost items need very little search and decision effort purchased almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc. ? Limited Decision devisingbuying product occasionally. When you need to obtain information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps.Requires a moderate measurement of time for information gathering. Examples include Clothesknow product class but not the brand. ? Extensive Decision Making/Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and / or infrequently bought products (Luxury Products). amply degree of economic / performance / psychological risk. Examples inclu de cars, homes, computers, education. Spend a lot of time seeking information and deciding. Information from the companies MM friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go through all six stages of the buying process. ? Impulse buying, no intended planning. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing.Page 19 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Consumer Involvement well-nigh consumers are characterized as being more involved in products and shopping than others. A consumer who is highly involved with a product would be interested in knowing a lot about it before purchasing. Hence he reads brochures thoroughly, compares brands and models in stock(predicate) at different outlets, asks questions, and looks for recommendations. Thus consumer involvement can be defined as heightened state of awareness that motivates consumers to seek out, attend to, and think about product information prior to purchase.Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 20 Understanding Consumer Beh aviour towards Luxury Products Causes of consumer involvement The factors that influences consumer involvement include personal, product and situational. ? Personal Factors Self-concept, needs and values are the three personal factors that influence the extent of consumer involvement in a product or service. The more product image, the value symbolism inherent in it and the needs it serves are fitting unitedly with the consumer self- image, values and needs, the more likely the consumer is to feel involved in it.Celebrities for moral share a certain self image, certain values, and certain needs. They tend to use products and services that reflect their life style. They get highly involved in purchasing prestigious products like designer wear, imported cars, health care products etc. ? Product Factors The consumer involvement grows as the level of perceived risk in the purchase of a good or service cast ups. It is likely that consumers will feel more involved in the purchase of th eir habitation than in the purchase of tooth paste, it is a much riskier purchase.Product differentiation affects involvement. The involvement increases as the number of alternatives that they have to choose from increases. This may be ascribable to the fact that consumers feel variety which means greater risk. The joyousness one gets by using a product or service can also influence involvement. Some products are a greater source of pleasure to the consumer than others. Tea and coffee have a high level of hedonic (pleasure) value compared to, say househ grey cleaners. Hence the involvement is high. Involvement increases when a product gains public attention.Any product, that is socially visible or that is consumed in public, demands high involvement. For example, involvement in the purchase of car is more than the purchase of household items. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 21 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products ? Situational Factors The situation in which the product is brought or used can generate emotional involvement. The reason for purchase or purchase occasion affects involvement. For example, buying a pair of socks for yourself is far less involved than buying a gift for a close friend.Social pressure can significantly increase involvement. One is likely to be more self conscious about the products and brands one looks at when shopping with friends than when shopping alone. The need to make a fast decision also influences involvement. A consumer who needs a new refrigerator and sees a one- day- only sale? at an appliances retailer does not have the time to shop around and compare different brands and prices. The eminence of the decision heightens involvement. The involvement is high when the decision is irrevocable, for example when the retailer does not accept return or exchange on the sale items.Thus involvement may be from outside the individual, as with situational involvement or from within the individual as with a llow involvement. It can be begind by a host of personal-product-and situation related factors, many of which can be controlled by the marketer. It affects the ways in which consumers see, process, and send information to others. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 22 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Models of consumer involvement Learn-Feel-Do Hierarchy Model Buying decisions vary according to the way there are taken.Some decisions are taken with lot of thinking others are taken with great feelings. Some are made through force of habit and others are made consciously. The learn-feel-do hierarchy is simple hyaloplasm that attributes consumer choice to information (learn), attitude (feel), and behaviour (do) issues. The matrix has four quadrants, each specifying a major marketing communication goal to be informative, to be effective, to be habit forming, or promote self-satisfaction. Thinking and feeling are shown as a continuum some decisions involve one or the other and many involve elements of two.High and low importance is also represented as a continuum. Fig 1. 3 Consumer Involvement ? High Involvement / High Thinking Purchases in first quadrant require more information, both because of the importance of the product to the consumer and thinking issues related to the purchases. Major purchases such as cars, houses and other expensive and infrequently buying items come under this category. The strategy model is learn-feel-do. Marketers have to furnish full information to get consumer acceptance of the product. Luxury products fall in this category. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 23.Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products ? High Involvement / High Feeling The purchase decisions in second quadrant involve less of information than feeling. Typical purchases tied to self-esteem- jewellery, apparel, cosmetics and accessories come under this category. The strategy model is feel-learndo. To encourage purch ases marketers must approach customers with emotion and appeal. ? Low Involvement / Low Feeling The purchases in this quadrant are motivated primarily by the need to satisfy personal tastes, many of which are influenced by self-image.Products like news paper, soft drinks, strong drink etc., fall under this category. Group influences often lead to the purchase of these items. The strategy model is do-feel-learn. It helps marketers to promote products through reference groups and other social factors. ? Low Involvement / Low Thinking It involves less in thinking and more of habitual buying. Products like stationery, groceries, food etc. , fall under this category. Over a plosive consonant of time any product can fall in this segment. The role of information is to differentiate any point of difference? from competitors. Brand loyalty may result simply from the habit. The strategy model is do-learn-feel.It suggests that marketers induce trial through various sales promotion techniques . Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 24 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Research Method The study is classified based on the consumer buying preferences and factors that influence purchase decisions. The research method adopted is exploratory as the research is still in its initial stage and the preliminary information that will be gathered will help in defining the problems and suggest hypotheses. We are set to learn about consumer behaviour across various product categories of luxury.We intend to understand the influence of various factors including family members and friends on purchase decision, emotional attachment with the product, purchase of counterfeit products and endorsing a film or sports personality for luxury product. We also want to understand purchase behaviour for car, planning of holidays and perception of holiday clubs. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 25 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products PRIMARY RESEAR CH Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 26 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Primary Research Methods Primary research was done in two steps.? Qualitative Research Depth Interview Method ? Quantitative Research Survey Method 1) Qualitative Research For qualitative research, few high income people were asked open ended questions which were formulated based on the secondary research and in line with the hypothesis. Depth interview of 10 people were taken which gave an insight into their purchase behavior and their decision making process for a luxury good. Based on this interviews and a further review of the secondary research reports, a final survey questionnaire was prepared.2) Quantitative Research For quantitative research, after making the initial questionnaire it was pretested with 5 participants and was improvised. The final sample was 30 with target group being A and A+ socio-economic class people. In June 2009, the survey was conducted to observe the behavior pattern of consumers in buying luxury products. Purpose Based on the existing data and the findings of the survey, it can be understood what influences a consumer to buy a luxury product and how to reach a consumer.The different perspectives of luxury products from a consumer?s point of view can be understood giving a expound insight as to how to position a product as luxury product. Consumer? s expectations from a luxury product will help us to understand the modifications needed in a product to be categorized as luxurious product. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 27 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products take Sampling procedure The sample is selected in a random way, but those having a car with just about worth more than 5lakhs. It was collected through mails and personal visits to the known persons, by formal and informal dialogue and through filling up the questionnaire prepared.The data has been analyzed by using the graphical method p repared in Microsoft Excel. Sample size The sample size of my project is limited to 30 only. This is limited collect to time constraints. Sample design Data has been presented with the help of bar graph, pie charts, stacked graphs etc. Limitation ? date limitation ? Research has been done only at Mumbai ? Some of the persons were not so responsive ? conjecture of error in data collection ? Possibility of error in analysis of data due to small sample size Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 28.Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Analysis In qualitative research, a personal interview was conducted of 10 people to understand the perception of luxury products and their purchase decision making process. The layout of the interview was Warm up General details about the person, his family background, his interests and his lifestyle Luxury Product To understand their perception of luxury products and steps involved in purchasing a luxury product. Car, Holiday C lub To understand his perception of a luxurious holiday and his planning process while going on a holiday.To understand his attitude towards clubs and decision making of a car Factors influencing To understand various factors that influence his decision for buying a particular luxury product. For qualitative questionnaire see attachment 1 For quantitative questionnaire see appendix 2 Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 29 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products Qualitative Analysis The Depth Interviews conducted gave some valuable insights into the mindset of the consumer? s perception about luxury products and their decision making process during purchase.Some of the interesting responses based on which quantitative questionnaire was made are as follows 1) What is your opinion about luxury products? Depends, it may be different for different people. DVD, TV and other stuffs would be luxury for me. They are good for show off Luxury products are created by sel ler. They are not necessities for a buyer but a need has been created by the seller. The way the products are advertised, branded and presented, a need is created to buy it. First and foremost it gives you a satisfaction in life, satisfaction that you are making use of the dreams that are available in the market.It can also be used as a status symbol. If you can afford it one must mete out luxury products. What is the point if you can earn so much money and still dont spend on luxury products? Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 30 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products ceremonial Luxury Products have different perceptions with different people. Some think it is a need created by buyer where as some feel these are products good for show-off. Some consider it as a status symbol. 2) Is luxury a exigency? Today a four vehicle has become a necessity. Though a four wheeler is a luxury still it becomes a necessity.Second example is the latest technology mobil e phones. We use mobile phones even while travelling, before sleeping, after getting up, checking emails. So whatever you say about these products they have become a necessity. It is all in the minds of the people. If they get attracted to the promotions of the product and offers, it becomes a necessity for them. As said earlier, the need is created by the seller. 3) Name a few luxury products? Expensive Car/Bike Jewellery Club Membership Branded Perfumes depart Holidays Expensive Car/Bike coarse House Jewellery Trendy Mobile Club Membership Travel Holidays.Club Membership Travel Holidays electronic Gadgets Branded Perfumes Branded Apparels Club Membership Electronic Gadgets Travel Holidays Branded Perfumes Branded Apparels Observation Club Membership, Travel Holidays and Expensive Car/Bike are considered Luxury products whereas other products like Jewellery, Electronic Gadgets, Branded Perfumes and Branded Apparels are considered semi-luxury products. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 31 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products 4) Can you take us through the entire process of buying this product right from the wish to buy actual purchase?My process to buy a new house started 10-12 years back. I aphorism an advertisement in the newspaper and then went and dictum the house. Once finalised, I took a loan, sold the old house and bought this new house. My old car was giving me lot of problem. So I decided to buy this new car. I wished to buy this a year back. I didnt want to take loan, so saved money for a year and finally bought this. In this period, the prices went down, so it helped me. I had a car before I bought this new one. It took me 2 years to buy this. It was the European car of the year. I saw the ad in the newspaper and decided I wanted to buy this.Observation Purchase of a luxury product requires lot of planning and it takes many months to buy such high value products. decorous research and information needs to be obta ined about the product before finalising the product. 5) What is your opinion of holiday clubs? Would you consider them as a luxury holiday club? If you travel around a lot, than it is worth. It is not a luxury holiday because they have different offers which are affordable by most of the people. I would consider it as a luxury. Most of these packages are designed in such a manner that you can get discount during weekdays. Weekends are expensive.So those are the times when you have time. They are good and give you the necessary relaxation. I don? t consider them entirely luxury because nowadays most of the people can afford it. Observation Opinions about holiday clubs are varied as there is not clear understanding of necessity. There are number of clubs providing cheap holidays and hence clubs seem to be losing on the title of luxury club. Jitesh Sanghvi MMS -137, Marketing Page 32 Understanding Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Products 6) Would you buy a counterfeit Rolex watc h for a cheaper price? I am not a watch person so I would definitely go for a counterfeit. But for.

Symbolism, Central Conflict and Character Essay Example for Free

Symbolism, Central Conflict and Character Essay fantastic Wilsons Fences remains as angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most renowned play until now because of its good quickness to discuss intricate social issues close to the African Americans coupled with carefully designed literary devices much(prenominal) as symbols and metaphors. The play tackles about the queer and complicated life of African American troy weight Maxson, the maven of the story, a former baseball player star in the Negro League who becomes a drivel lifter in the sanitary department.Among the central conflicts that the play has successfully portrayed is the wide discrimination of the Whites to the African Americans veritable(a) though slavery has already totally eliminated in their way of life. Through the characterization of troy and his friend Bono, the coming of age within the cycle of damaged Black Americans manhood is perfectly discussed in the play. troy weight and are portrayed in the story as individuals with problematic childhood days repayable to their cruel and oppressive haves. troy weights father is describe as an evil that no fair sex stayed with him for a long time and this makes troy grew up almost motherless.His father even raped the young lady he passionatenesss and only to give troy a lesson for his disobedience. Bono, likewise, had experienced difficulty with regards to his father who is described as a man who prevents to stay in one place for long and moves often from one woman to another. Unlike Troy, Bono did not feel the fathering role that Troys father provided to his children. Through the characterizations of Troy and Bono, the idea of the Blacks about becoming a man was carefully revealed. For the Africans during that time, becoming a man actor leaving the man that raised them due to a violent conflict.Troy and Bono achieved their manhood when they left their disg huntful and cruel fathers and started to live their own lives. Another charac terization that adds to the portrayal of the wide discrimination among the African Americans because of the disguise of their skin, in addition, is the type of job that Troy and Bono have. The setting of the story tells that the Blacks had already escaped from the cruelty of slavery. Nevertheless, even though slavery was totally vanished in their way of life, the Africans are still subjected to injustices in the society.For instance, the play portrays Troy and Bono as garbage lifters in the sanitary department, the job that is considered only for the Black Americans. Even though Troy was promoted in the later part of the story, there is still an implied discrimination among them since Troy had to work hard just only to become a truck driver of the garbage collector. The play portrays how the Africans are discriminated during that time as they hold menial jobs working as domestic servants, sharecroppers, maritime workers, common laborers and farmers (Shannon 20).Likewise, wide discr imination among colorize is perfectly justified when Troy is ignored in the field baseball because he is a Black. Their race is being discriminated even in the sports that everybody should enjoy. Furthermore, the story exposes the backward, racial, ignorant, and unjust ways of the Old South through and through the traits and attitudes dual-lane by the main protagonist of the play. Troy is described as an irresponsible father through the heterogeneous symbolisms and metaphors present in the plot of the story.The train where Troy rides going back to Rose symbolizes his hope to limiting his life but also reveals his weakness as a man who committed infidelity with a woman named Alberta. Troy even asked Rose to take care of Raynell, the fruit of his sin with Alberta. Another symbolism that adds to the negative portrayal of the Blacks is the unfinished turn over around the backyard of Troys family. The unfinished fence, symbolizes Troys laziness and lack of commitment to marriage. Tr oy, aside from being impure in their relationship, does like want to sweep up Rose since he is afraid of commitment.Moreover, the field itself of Troys family is also a metaphor of Troys imperfection. Aside from being the symbol of his pride, since providing a house means responsible fathering to a family, the house of Troy is also the object of shame because it was built from the perspiration of Gabriel Maxson, his brother who was given check as casualty of the World War II. Apart from the negative implications about the Africans, there are also scenes in the story which give a hint about the brighter side of the characters in the story.Rose, the wife of Troy, epitomizes the unconditional roll in the hay that a woman can ever give to a man. In the play, Rose wants to finish the fence around their backyard because the fence for Rose symbolizes the security and commitment of her love to Troy. Rose wants their family, amidst the hardships and difficulties, to be reunited and secure d with enduring love and relationship. Another invincible act that Rose has done is her acceptance of the child Raynell who epitomizes the sin and infidelity of her husband Troy.Rose, by accepting the child, indeed sacrificed her hatred for the sin that her husband committed. Another good implication about the Africans as portrayed in the story is their hope to become a responsible father amidst their individualized limitations and problems. Troys father, eve though described as cruel and abusive, shows a responsible fathering to his children since he did not left them in the absence of their mother. Likewise, Troy somehow served as a responsible father when he owned the responsibility of taking care for Raynell.Despite his bad implications as head of the family, he still managed to become a justified father since he never left and ignored his family. Amidst the problems that they encountered, Troy still managed to be with his family unlike the father of Bono who keeps on moving f rom one woman to another. In total, rarefied Wilson Fences is to be considered as a great work of art since it illuminates important issues about the African Americans through the successful facility of literary devices such as symbolisms and metaphors. Works Cited Shannon, Sandra Garrett. August Wilsons Fences. CT Greenwood print Group, 2003.

Intercultural Differences Essay Example for Free

Intercultural Differences Es offerRecognizing cultural differences when you write or speak with somebody from an other(a) culture, you encode your message using the assumptions of your own culture. Members of your audience decode the message relating to the assumptions of their culture. So your import may be misunderstood. The greater the difference between cultures, the greater the chance for misunderstanding. Cultural differences be listed in four categories Contextual, Legal and Ethical, Social, and Nonverbal.Cultural context is the pattern of physical cues, environmental stimuli, and implicit understanding that conveys implication between members of the same culture. High context cultures encourage lengthy decision making, concentrating on everything detail, and avoids confrontation and debate. Whereas low-context cultures accentuate quick, efficient decisions on major points while leaving the details to be worked out later and encourages control surface disagreement.C ultural context also influences legal and ethical behavior. Legal systems differ from culture to culture the steep context cultures views laws as being more flexible, low-context tend to value written agreements and interpret laws strictly.. Ethical choices jakes be even more complicated when communicating across cultures. Keep your messages ethical by actively seeking mutual ground exchanging messages without judgement, sending messages that ar honest, and showing respect for cultural differences.Social differences on that point are four types among cultures. In any culture etiquette play a major part. Formal rules of etiquette are explicit and well defined, scarcely informal rules are learned through observation and imitation. When informal rules are violated members of the culture are likely to feel uncomfortable, they may non be able to say exactly why. Attitudes toward materialism people from the united States emphasize hard work, material success, and efficiency more th an umteen people in other countries do.Roles and status, respect and rank are reflected differently from culture to culture and in their working environment. Use of manners the rules of polite behavior vary from country to country. Concepts of time, although businesspeople in the United States, Germany, and some other nations seetime as a way to organize the business sidereal day efficiently, other cultures see time as more flexible.Nonverbal differences is extremely reliable when determining meaning, but that reliability is valid only when communicators belong to the same culture. The simplest of hand gestures can change from culture to culture. interlingual rendition nonverbal elements according to your own culture can be dangerous the elements are apparent in attitudes toward personal space and in body language. Concept of personal space for example people in Canada and the united States stand about five feet apart during a business conversation. Use of Body talking to gestur es of a culture clarify confusing messages, but differences in body language can be a major source of misunderstanding during intercultural conversation.For example, during our negotiations and weve finally closed the deal the Chinese representative from this caller-up says yes to everything and seems as if shes agreeable to our terms. I share the information with my boss and he doesnt seem very excited. why isnt he excited? The word yes may not always mean yes in other cultures it may mean to say yes to confirm they have heard or understood something , but not inevitably to indicate they agree with it.. Youll seldom get a direct no . Some of the ways that other cultures say no indirectly include It will be difficult, I will ask my supervisor, Im not sure, We will think about it , and Im not sure.When communicating across cultures, your effectiveness depends on maintaining an open mind.Stereotyping is the onset to categorize individuals by trying to predict their behavior or char acter on the basis of their rank and file or a particular group. Move beyond stereotypes to relationships with real people. You can achieve this by acknowledging distinctions, avoiding assumptions, and avoiding judgements. working CitedBusiness Communication Today Chp III 52-63http//www.vcsun.org/battias/class/356/olm/9.htmlhttp//www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G119488131refid=ink_overture_hlth

The Strategic Control Process Essay Example for Free

The strategic tame Process EssayBerkshire Hathaway Inc. Facts Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a holding companionship that allows only in possessing outstanding shares of other companies to cause and control a number of various companies. The core backup of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is to offer insurance, which comp nobble of property, casualty and reinsurance services. Also, it is industrious in specialty substandard insurance policies.Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is owned by the worlds storied great var. market investor of the modern dates, warren Edward kick aroundt. He is the current chairperson and the Chief administrator Officer of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. According to Anthony Bianco, author of the article The Warren calamityt You Dont Know, Warren Buffet considered Berkshire as his baby. He had purchased Berkshire Hathaway that amounts to $11 million in the year 1965. The legendary investor handled his business bearing in mind the investors and managers. However, he manag ed the holding company the way it is suitable with him. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999) Warren Edward Buffett is the second richest person next to Bill furnish in the whole world. He just started with a vanishing textile manu incidenturer and he do darling use of the cash flows of his business into an enormous assortment of businesses that is stable and profitable. He invested from insurance and building equipments to habit and furniture trading. The Insurance and finance subsidiaries are consisted of National Indemnity, GEICO Corporation and ordinary Re, which is a mammoth reinsurance company. opposite companies include Sees Candies, Dairy Queen, Clayton Homes, and Flight Safety International. And in the year 2006, the Business extending wire which is a press release distributor, and Russell, a sportswear company, were added to the list of subsidiaries that Berkshire Hathaway bought. Furthermore, ISCAR Metalworking, a manufacturer of metal barren tools which was based in Israel was the primary foreign-based company that has been part of the Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Warren Buffett possesses the 38 percent share of stock of Berkshire Hathaway. His trusted friend, Mr. Charles Munger is the co-owner and Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway Inc holding as well as big enough share of the company. However, the two principal stock holders of the Berkshire Hathaway business do not engage in a conversation that much anymore. Nevertheless(prenominal), they did not argue on the matters that concerns the effect of the holding company. As a matter of fact, the two investors are engaged in distinct leisure seeking, Buffett on his dedicated way of continuous developing of Berkshire and Munger on his charitable works. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999)Strategic cautionStrategic trouble is functioned as the most advanced and modern stage of the whole management process. It assists in directing employees sense of direction toward the accomplishment of the companys stopping point. It i s the fusion of strategic planning, implementation and peremptory management where strategic control is to be focused. Strategic control organization supports the implementation of the strategic plans. This aims to put and fix the occurrence of problems that leads away from the main goal of the company without affecting the inventiveness and ingenuity of the process.(Lecture E-Strategic Planning,) This is connected with the monitoring progress towards strategic targets of the company (What is Strategic Control?, 2001).Almost either investments made by the Berkshire Hathaway prospers like gold. With this ability of Buffett, he was entitled as the modern day Midas, a Phrygian king in Greek mythology, who has the power to turn everything that he had touched into gold. (BIANCO, July 5, 1999)But what makes Warren Buffet the worlds famous and greatest inventor of the modern time? How did Buffet manage Berkshire Hathaway, Inc., the holding company that monetary resource his investment s in public quoted stocks and buying companies?As mentioned in page above, Mr. Buffet is the owner and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway and Mr. Munger, the Vice-Chairman of the similar holding company. The two managing partner of Berkshire Hathaway holding company delegate the responsibility of operating the business to the managers of every company subsidiary. Buffet and Munger left the key manager run their businesses as that is how those key managers like to operate. solely the decisions regarding the functioning of the business operation is assigned to the managers. They would just turn over the excess profit that they urinate generated to the headquarters thus allowing them to concentrate on their responsibilities of the organizational cash flow and not with the diverse temptations.Furthermore, to imbibe the loyalty and commitment of the subordinates of the Berkshire Hathaway Inc., they comprehend the need to deal with the key managers specifically in the fairest manner possible. Because this is how they precious to be treated if the situation is inverted. (BUFFET, 1996)As a matter of fact, Buffett intercept less in the operation of the business and rather oversee the whole operations from the top. He cultivated to initiate communication with the companys executives and waited for them to report to him the things that were likely to cause trouble. He allowed his higher subordinates to directly contact him anytime they want. With that, many believed that the famous Warren Buffet is utilizing the laissez faire management style.Laissez faire style of leadership is where delegation of all duties and tasks is placed to the management stave while the role of the leader is just tangential. This is true in the case of how Warren Buffett manage the Berkshire Hathaway. Furthermore, less communication takes place in this geek of leadership, the said(prenominal) with what Buffet is executing within the company.It is known that applying this type of leadership style generally leads to poor management, deficient in concentrating and sense of direction toward the main goal of the company. However, the opposite of the result is correct with what is happening in the Berkshire Hathaway management. With Laissez faire style of leadership implemented in Buffets management of the holding company, professionalism and creativity in the group of employees is inculcated. On the contrary, there is no right-down thing in the world. So the weak point of the Laissez faire leadership type of Buffet surfaced. According also to the article of Pallavi Gogoi in his article Buffet Right Again?, in 2002, General Re, the worlds largest reinsurance company which provides insurance for insurance company and the also the major subsidiary of the Berkshire Hathaway crediting for about 25 percent of the revenue of the holding company, got into intensifying reduction of profit and unfortunate operation. These losses are contributed in the craving to put policies in the co mpetition out of business to increase the market share. The company had neglected the fact to allocate enough savings as for the compensation of the maintenance. (GOGOI, MARCH 4, 2002) Buffet set down the management to the Ronald Ferguson, the CEO of General Re for a want period of time. He was confident enough of General Re CEO. However, it turned out that Ferguson had ignored the early indications of weaknesses thus resulting to the misfortune losses. Nonetheless, the business had the chance to rise again after the incident with the occurrence of the September 11 bombing tragedy. There was a sharp increase in the first class income of the entire insurers. From that time on and for that specific reason, Warren Buffet took an active role in the operation of the reinsurance company. He had abandoned the hands off rule in dealing with his business. (GOGOI, MARCH 4, 2002)Business Principles Warren Buffett arranges 13 basic business conventions to recognize the management approach. This is made by Mr. Buffett himself in his Owners Manual. (BUFFET, 1996) The first principle is stated that even if the Berkshire Hathaway is a corporation, the managerial approach is the same with partnership with the shareholders of the holding company as owner partners. The second principle said that a principal fraction of the companys net worth endowed in the business is shared to majority of the directors thus both the owners and the shareholders get the advantage and disadvantage of the business operation. With this comes the long term economic goal of Berkshire Hathaway of making the most of the average annual rate of gain (AARG) by means of progress and development. Thus, this gives the third principle. Going on the fourth regulation is the acquisition and branching out of change businesses that could produce earning beyond average returns on capital. The fifth is providing seemed essential earning reports of the main businesses for individual decision makings. And th e ordinal code is that the operation and the decision for allocation of resources are indeterminate of the result of any financial reports. The one-seventh attitude is by organizing fixed rate basis in a long period of time when borrowing loans as to be fair with the policyholders, lenders and many equity holders. Protection of the shareholder interest is considered in purchasing whole businesses and by which the eighth rule applies. The ninth conduct is the regular inspection of the retentivity earning results. The tenth standard implies the issuing of common stock to the deserving businesses that in return generate the same business value. The issue of selling any company of good performance under Berkshire is the eleventh conduct thus maintaining the loyalty of the shareholders. The assurance of being truthful with the reports given to the shareholders is the twelfth code. And lastly, the thirteenth principle that Warren Buffet organize is in the degree level of lawfully neces sity conferring about the business pursuit in profitable safety.I love running Berkshire, and if enjoying life promotes longevity, Methuselahs record is in jeopardy. Warren E. Buffett, ChairmanReferencesBIANCO, A. (July 5, 1999). The Warren Buffett You Dont Know Electronic Version, 54. Retrieved whitethorn 17, 2007 from http//user.chollian.net/hwangone/notice/notice20040830.htm.BUFFET, W. (1996). An Owners Manual Electronic Version. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http//www.berkshirehathaway.com/ownman.pdf.GOGOI, P. ( MARCH 4, 2002). Buffett Right Again? Electronic Version. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http//www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_09/b3772094.htm.Lecture E-Strategic Planning Electronic Version. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http//www.ee.uwa.edu.au/ccroft/em333/lectures97/lece.pdf.What is Strategic Control? Electronic (2001). Version. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http//www.2gc.co.uk/pdf/2GC-FAQP02.pdf.

The conflicts of the play Essay Example for Free

The conflicts of the profligacy EssayHow does Arthur milling machine use the stage and spectacular techniques to introduce the conflicts of the play? The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller the play is about the siren trials that took come out of the closet in Salem, Massachutes in 1692. Arthur Miller wrote the play because the communist trials were taking settle at that time in the United States. Miller and some of his friends were involved in the trials. Many of the conflicts of the communist trials were similar to the Salem witch trials, which is why I think that Miller wrote The Crucible. In play 1 and act 2 Miller uses the staging and dramatic techniques to reflect these conflicts. The main conflicts of the play are good verses evil, which is show in act 1. Public invading the private this is also show in act 1, and the personal relationship amongst bathroom Proctor and Elizabeth Proctor, this is shown in act 2. Arthur Miller starts to introduce the conflicts of th e play with his set design. Act 1 takes place in Reverend Parriss house, in the attic room. The characters involved in the opening set are Parris and his young daughter Betty.Act 2 takes place in the Proctors house, it is set in the common room. thither are no characters in the opening of act 2 exclusively soon after John Proctor and Elizabeth enter. Act 1 the room is lit by light from the sun, Through its leaded panes the aurora sunlight streams the light is beautiful which symbolises reverend Parris as pure. However it is entering the room is through a narrow window, which shows Parris is a narrow-minded person. This symbolises that in act 1 the characters are pure but confining as the window is leaded. This shows the conflict of good verses evil.Whereas in act 2 the room is described as low dark and rather long living room this shows that the proctors are dark and shows that they are privacy a secret, the secret is that john had committed adultery with Abigail. The only whe n light in the room is that from the fireplace. This symbolises that in act 2 characters are dark and gloomy lot. In act 1 the bedroom is upstair with a staircase leading downstairs, this symbolises that the characters in this scene start off with a high lieu but throughout the play they are moving downwards towards hell.There are also people downstairs, which shows the conflict of the public are intruding on their private lives, whereas the Proctors lives are private and personal. The warmth in each sets also shows the differences between the characters, in act 1 the room is lit by only a candle, this symbolises that Reverend Parris is a cold-hearted man, however the Proctors house is also very cold its winter in here. Another difference between the set designs is that act 1 has a clean spareness this shows that its invalidate of love and nurturing.In act 2 the room is cold because Elizabeth is cold of suspicion. The idea of a melting pot plays a large part in both acts. A cruci ble removes impurities through intense heat, which is what the play is about, the characters are put thorough an intense trial which at the end will prove who is pure and who isnt. As the curtain rises in act 1 we are shown Betty lying inert and sickly on the bed. Reverend Parris is praying at the side of the bed. He is concern about Betty, he is on his knee, which symbolises that he is postulation for forgiveness.Tituba rushes in, as she is concerned about Betty. We can see that she is troubled and distressed, but as soon as she steps in she immediately steps backwards, this symbolises that she is worried about Betty but she also know her place as a servant and is afraid of Parris. Parris is concerned about Betty but he is more concerned about his reputation ith the people downstairs. Act 2 opens on a dark and low room, but we can hear Elizabeth softly singing to the children, this shows that she is a loving mother.John Procter walks in with a gas pedal and places it down, he th en walks over to the food and tastes it then he adds salt this shows he is not cheerful with Elizabeths cooking. The stew is a symbol of John and Elizabeths relationship, the stew is plain like Elizabeth, so John spices it up with salt the same way he spiced up his life by committing adultery with Abigail. After that he washes his hands and sits down for dinner when Elizabeth joins him. He washes his washes his hands when he hears Elizabeth coming, this shows that it is a guilty act. She brings him his food and sits with him composition he eats.When john is asked how the food tastes by Elizabeth he lies and says its well seasoned he lies to her to cover up the guilt of having an affair with Abigail. When they are talking to each other we can sense some blank space between them, John is trying to make it up to her I mean to please you, Elizabeth but Elizabeth is finding it hard to forgive him as she finds it hard to reply to him. In my opinion I think Arthur Millers expression w as very effective. He used different ways to symbolise the differences between the scenes and characters. His set designs were very encouraging to judge the type of people the play was about.